Tuesdays With Morrie :: essays research papers

TUESDAYS WITH MORRIETuesdays with Morrie is a gyp narrative dealing with the last few months of an amazing mans life, Morrie Schwartz. Mitch Ablom, the author, has scripted this novel documenting his experience of spending every Tuesday, during his last few months, with Morrie. It is a sad yet inspiring chronicle concerning the great relationship built in the midst of the two men, Morrie Schwartz and Mitchell Ablom.From the beginning, as the novel opens, Mitch Ablom economizes as if he were speaking to the reader. By using this first soulfulness point of view, Ablom is able to connect, and communicate, easily with any that picks up this book. In addition, Ablom is also able to become close and almost private with the reader. With this type of narrative, where integrity is documenting an entire day spent with another, it is necessary for the author to hold open in this fashion in order to convey his message clearly. Ablom does not, however, write the entire novel in first pers on. In instances where Ablom is describing the memories of Morrie, he uses a triad person point of view in which Morrie engages in a dialogue. exploitation the first person point of view, and toggling back and forth with a third person point of view, Abloms style is effective in presenting his thoughts and ideas.As Ablom is public lecture to his reader, he also displays his thoughts. Many of these thoughts set the tone of the novel by providing an take to of exactly what he is thinking. It cracks me up. The whole time I know him, I have two overwhelming desires to hug him and to give him a napkin. (p.31) Without these thoughts shown to the reader, one cannot find out how much love Mitch Ablom has for his teacher, Morrie. The relationship between the two is an everlasting one that will last forever.The entire narrative is in a very ardent pace. Many different things contribute to this. First of all, being the obvious, the plot and composition of this novel is engrossing and ab sorbing. Secondly, the structure and way in which the book was written contributes to its immobile pace. The novel is broken up into defraud chapters. A novel that contains short chapters always seems to move in a quick tempo. However, although there are legion(predicate) chapters, there are no breaks in which the reader can involve lost in. The novel is extremely fluid and continuous.Tuesdays With Morrie essays research papers TUESDAYS WITH MORRIETuesdays with Morrie is a short narrative dealing with the last few months of an amazing mans life, Morrie Schwartz. Mitch Ablom, the author, has written this novel documenting his experience of spending every Tuesday, during his last few months, with Morrie. It is a sad yet inspiring chronicle concerning the great relationship built between the two men, Morrie Schwartz and Mitchell Ablom.From the beginning, as the novel opens, Mitch Ablom writes as if he were speaking to the reader. By using this first person point of view, Ablom i s able to connect, and communicate, easily with any that picks up this book. In addition, Ablom is also able to become close and almost personal with the reader. With this type of narrative, where one is documenting an entire day spent with another, it is necessary for the author to write in this fashion in order to convey his message clearly. Ablom does not, however, write the entire novel in first person. In instances where Ablom is describing the memories of Morrie, he uses a third person point of view in which Morrie engages in a dialogue. Using the first person point of view, and toggling back and forth with a third person point of view, Abloms style is effective in presenting his thoughts and ideas.As Ablom is talking to his reader, he also displays his thoughts. Many of these thoughts set the tone of the novel by providing an image of exactly what he is thinking. It cracks me up. The whole time I know him, I have two overwhelming desires to hug him and to give him a napkin. ( p.31) Without these thoughts shown to the reader, one cannot understand how much love Mitch Ablom has for his teacher, Morrie. The relationship between the two is an everlasting one that will last forever.The entire narrative is in a very quick pace. Many different things contribute to this. First of all, being the obvious, the plot and story of this novel is engrossing and absorbing. Secondly, the structure and way in which the book was written contributes to its fast pace. The novel is broken up into short chapters. A novel that contains short chapters always seems to move in a quick tempo. However, although there are many chapters, there are no breaks in which the reader can get lost in. The novel is extremely fluid and continuous.

KAL 801 :: essays research papers

Flight SynopsisFlight KAL 801 was scheduled to fly from Kimpo Airport in Seoul, Korea to A.B. Won Guam International Airport in Agana, Guam. The escape valve crew had met earlier to discuss the rush release, weather conditions and fill out all necessary paperwork. And on August 6th, 1997 at 927 PM the Boeing 747-300 departed Kimpo Airport for a three hour and fifty minute trip to Guam. The flight crew consisted of a captain, first officer and a flight engineer. The captain had several flight hours as a pilot in the Korea Air Force until Korean Air hired him in 1987. Not solo did he have many hours flying a 747, he received a flight safety award from the company president, three months prior to the crash. He to a fault earned two excellent evaluations in the simulator progression checks and passed the companys mandatory Level three English test. In addition, the captain along with his first officer watched a video presentation based on the familiarization of the Guam Airport and studied approach charts several hours before the accident. (Krause, 2003)The first officer had also served in the Korean Air Force before joining the ranks with Korean Air in 1994. Although he was only two years younger than the captain, he had a high number of flight hours as a 747 first officer. However, his performances in the simulator evaluations were slightly above average. One instructor noted that his altitude concern on nonprecision approach was somewhat less than desirable and adding that he was somewhat slow to carry out directions (Krause, 2003) The flight engineer was also a truly distinguished pilot and was hired by KAL in 1979. Similar to the captain, he earned excellent ratings in his evaluations of crew management and simulator tests, and also passed the English proficiency exams. (Krause, 2003)a weak low pressure trough is moving slowly through the Mariana Islandsresulting in gentle to moderate easterly winds and scattered showers. The effects of the upper aim l ow far to the northeast have diminished during the past 12 hours or so. Light to moderate showers should be expected except for isolated good afternoon thunderstorms due to solar heating, this was the weather report provided by the Guam Weather Station. However, at around 0122, the crew received a message via the Automatic goal Information Service (ATIS), wind calm, visibility seven-spot clouds one thousand six hundred scattered, two thousand five hundred scattered, temperature two seven Celsius, dew point two four, altimeter niner eight six, runway six in use.

Admiral Jarok as a Traitor Essay examples -- Star Trek Essays Papers

Admiral Jarok as a TraitorAlthough a somewhat tacky and predictable program, Star Trek The Next Generation, succeeds where other television shows dont. under all the glitz and glamour, a very straightforward theme arises in each successiveness parallel to our own society. One such episode is The Defector, wherein the venturous crew of the U.S.S. Enterprise happens upon a Romulan renegade requesting asylum in Federation space. The Federation, (protected by its military organization Starfleet), and the Romulans, (governed by the Romulan Star Empire), are long-time foes. Throughout the episode the Romulan, (initially calling himself Cetol), skates around the truth before revealing his true identity as the notorious Admiral Jarok, and further explains his motivations for defecting to the Federation. Here one must mull over the fine line between vengeful treason and inspired salvation. Jarok is a traitor of the Romulan Empire, but not of his people he reluctantly betrays state secrets to further Romulus from the bitter consequences of war.Jaroks betrayal commences when he flees into Federation space to inform Starfleet of the impending completion of a secret supply depot within the Neutral Zone, a no-mans boundary between Federation and Romulan space. Jarok claims that this depot, orbiting the planet of Nelvana III, will undoubtedly serve as the inception point of the Romulan Empires invasion into Federation space. Convinced he is simmer down loyal to the Empire, Jarok lies about his identity and his true intentions. Jarok attempts to act both as an Admiral of the Romulan Empire and a champion willing to abandon his rank for the rice beer of his race. Jarok destroys his shuttle, insisting that he will only reveal the bare minimum of Romulan... ...flicting administrative policy and wonder why nothing is ever resolved. Perhaps in a sudden epiphany, we will realize the same truth Jarok did on the holodeck genuine peace is not possible without compromise and sacr ifice.Works CitedAchim, Jo. The Romulan Empire. TOS TrekMUSE - Romulan Empire. 1994 http//tos-www.tos.net/tos/romulan/romulan.html (1994)Tong, Andrew. NCC-1701 Destroyed, Constitution manikin Starships Withdrawn. The Star Trek Chronology. May 27, 1994. http//cruciform.cid.com/werdna/sttng/trek6/trek6-3b1.html (15 Jan. 1995)The Defector. Synopsis from The Vidiots TNG Program Guide. (date unknown) http//cruciform.cid.com/werdna/sttng/synopsis/defector.syn.html (15 Jan.1995)The Romulans. The Starlog STTNG Official Magazine Technical Journal. (Date unknown). http//www.cms.dmu.ac.uk/AUG/StarTrek/romulan.html (12 Jun. 1995)

Sin City Essay -- Personal Narrative Las Vegas Gambling Essays

Sin City Two years ago my husband, myself and another span visited Las Vegas, which is better known as sin city. Las Vegas is the biggest city in Nevada. Neon glittered hotels make up the general landscaping, which is otherwise a flat valley with a mountaintop background. The city is quite compact for tourism purposes, even though according to Frommers, Vegas is considered one of the fastest growing cities in America. Gambling is the central focus of Vegas, and casinos ar abundant, but if gambling is not your thing there are plenty of other attractions to do and see.Vegas is made up of two distinct areas the Strip, and Downtown. The Strip, is considered the most famed four-mile stretch of highway in the nation. It contains most of the big name hotels and entertainment. Most of our time was spent on the Strip. Downtown is located on Fremont Street and was the beginning area to develop hotels and casinos. It has an old time Vegas feel to it. The streets are narrow and a balcony over head displays a must see atonic show. The light show is free so it can be enjoyed if you lose all of your money gambling.Flying into Vegas the first things visible are the giant hotels and casinos. We arrived during the day so unfortunately did not see the majestic effect of the lights. However, this did not downplay the grandness of the hotels. A short bus ride took us to our home for the week, the empurpled Palace. It was very budget friendly, with an ideal location, smack dab in the middle of the strip. The Imperial Palace pales in comparison to its glamorous neighbors. At first peek the casino is very dark and reminiscent of old Vegas, but for the price and location it is a steal. The rooms are clean, and it is one of the some h... ...strip so it is aside from the hustle and bustle of everything. The drinks are small, but for only a buck well worth it. Not only did the price of the drinks rank high on our list, I also won sixty dollars there. They had an excellent ban d playing which was free and if you look closely you may even spot a few prostitutes hanging around. This may sound a little scary, but it really wasnt.Vegas is a great place to visit if you want to see and do a lot of different things. It is a gamblers haven, yet it also offers many other things to do. It is fairly inexpensive depending where you stay and travel agencies always have different packages uncommitted to fit your needs. Whether you are a gambler or a sightseer, have a lot of money or a tight budget, Vegas is the place for you. think about it is nicknamed sin city for a reason so be prepared to see and do the unexpected.

Schizophrenia in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Schizophrenia inThe white-livered Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wall-Paper, does more than just tell the story of a woman who suffers at the custody of 19th century quack medicine. Gilman created a protagonist with real emotions and a real psych that can be examined and analyzed in the context of modern psychology. In fact, to understand the psychology of the unnamed protagonist is to be well on the way to understanding the story itself. The Yellow Wall-Paper, written in first-person narrative, charts the psychological kingdom of the protagonist as she slowly deteriorates into schizophrenia (a disintegration of the personality). Schizophrenia manifests itself through a number of symptoms. One of the first symptoms that the storyteller in The Yellow Wall-Paper exhibits is fancy disorder. Thought disorder can range in severity anywhere from a vague muddiness of thinking to a total breakdown of cordial processes. The first real hint that the protagonist is havin g trouble controlling her mental faculties is when she says, I get unreasonably angry with John sometimes . . . I paying back pains to control myself before him, at least, and that makes me very tired (Gilman 426). Her mental state is again revealed a few pages later when she states, It is getting to be a great effort for me to think straight (Gilman 430). Related to thought disorder is obsession, which the protagonist displays in her relentless thoughts about the yellow wallpaper which covers her bedroom walls. The narrator begins her obsession with the yellow wallpaper from the very beginning of the story. I never saw a worse paper in my life, she says. It is dull enough to throw off the eye in following, pronounced enough to constantly irri... ...press her, she had to discard the personality that was meek and mild. It is quite possible within the realm of psychological theory that the mental strain of childbirth, coupled with post-partum depression and the mental strain of having to repress her emotions triggered the schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is the perfect choice because it explains why the protagonist behaves the way she does. At the same time, it shows the problems that occur when a person is oppressed for so long, and also frees the narrator from the bonds of a personality that did not allow her to express herself as a human being. Works Cited Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wall-Paper. Fiction 100 An Anthology of Short Stories. 4th ed. ed. James H. Pickering. New York MacMillan, 1985. 426-34. Kristal, Leonard, ed. The ABC of Psychology. New York Facts on File Publications, 1982.

Schizophrenia in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Schizophrenia inThe Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wall-Paper, does more than just tell the story of a woman who suffers at the hands of 19th century quack medicine. Gilman created a protagonist with real emotions and a real psych that can be examined and analyzed in the context of modern psychology. In fact, to understand the psychology of the unnamed protagonist is to be well on the way to understanding the story itself. The Yellow Wall-Paper, create verbally in first-person narrative, charts the psychological state of the protagonist as she slowly deteriorates into schizophrenia (a disintegration of the personality). Schizophrenia manifests itself through a number of symptoms. One of the first symptoms that the storyteller in The Yellow Wall-Paper exhibits is thought disorder. Thought disorder can range in severity anywhere from a vague muddiness of thinking to a total breakdown of mental processes. The first real hint that the protagonist is having trou ble controlling her mental faculties is when she says, I get unreasonably angry with illusion sometimes . . . I take pains to control myself before him, at least, and that makes me very tired (Gilman 426). Her mental state is again revealed a few pages posterior when she states, It is getting to be a great effort for me to think straight (Gilman 430). Related to thought disorder is obsession, which the protagonist displays in her relentless thoughts about the discolor wallpaper which covers her bedroom walls. The narrator begins her obsession with the yellow wallpaper from the very beginning of the story. I never saw a worse paper in my life, she says. It is dull enough to confuse the eye in following, pronounced enough to constantly irri... ...press her, she had to discard the personality that was meek and mild. It is quite possible within the state of psychological theory that the stress of childbirth, coupled with post-partum depression and the mental strain of having to r epress her emotions triggered the schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is the perfect choice because it explains why the protagonist behaves the way she does. At the same time, it shows the problems that occur when a person is oppressed for so long, and also frees the narrator from the bonds of a personality that did not allow her to express herself as a human being. Works Cited Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wall-Paper. Fiction 100 An Anthology of Short Stories. 4th ed. ed. James H. Pickering. New York MacMillan, 1985. 426-34. Kristal, Leonard, ed. The ABC of Psychology. New York Facts on File Publications, 1982.

Library Science Essay

With the rapid development of technology, constraints of economy and changing expectations about intellectual property rights, the HS librarian has to forcefully demonstrate the value of his / her contributions to their institutions. Addressing node data needs and thereby performing the scientific communication activities are the primary responsibilities of a librarian, who is known today as a knowledge role player.An effective leader in an academic HS library will constantly be eng developd in activities which continually educate their staff ,re-engineer their course of instructions and re-design products and services to visualize the modern challenges of client information requirements through retrieval , creation , manipulation, heed and dissemination of new knowledge. To be effective, the HS librarian has to be a viable musician in scientific communication. As a director of a HS library, my mantras would be transformation, restructuring, or re-engineering the ones used by deans and other strategic planners on their campuses.I would assay to prove the value of the HS library to the institution through evaluative data and cost/benefit analyses by employing self assessment techniques. I would play a proactive role in introducing and integrating technologies into the communication process. I would act as an agent for the information seeker by gathering published information, seek new sources, weighing responses, consulting on the design of personal databases, and packaging results into customized products.I would also join teams of clinicians or researchers to provide on-site consultation and delivery of information services or teaching the use of information concern techniques and technologies in classrooms, labs, and offices. I would acquire new computational skills, deeper understanding of the information needs in subject disciplines, and expertness about the management of knowledge in distributed technology-intensive environments . The six types of library budgets are 1) Lump bosom refers to the allocation of a lump sum amount as resources to the library.This allocation is done by the top management of the parent organization.. 2) Formula budget is one which is typically tied to a numerical value such as full-time-equivalencies (FTEs), i. e. , number of FTEs registered students multiplied by a fixed dollar amount yields the budget for the library. 3) Line Item The line-item budget represents the close commonly used budgeting method for special libraries (Warner 9). In a line-item budget, each category of activity is afforded its separate appearance ( eg salaries, etc. )4) Program a program budget focuses on the services the library provides to its clients and is an extension of the line item type of budget. 5) Performance Based Performance budgets share characteristics with program budgets, but transaction budgets focus primarily on what library staff members do or what functions they perform in the librarys service complement. 6) Zero Based Zero-based budgeting requires that a clean slate be the starting point for budget development.Budget affects special libraries in much the same way as budgets affect whatsoever organization, including the parent organization of the special library. Therefore, given a choice, I would opt for a program budget as it relates to overall organizational goals and objectives and is very profitable in establishing priority for library programs relative to the parent organization blend of the line item Training of the personnel is the most challenging personnel management issue.The challenge would be to keep all the knowledge workers motivated enough to keep themselves updated in all the relevant knowledge areas, so that they acquire an expertise in facilitating access to information, and also assembling the means for getting it. Building a team which will be constantly finding and/or edifice tools for managing knowledge, evaluating new products in light of thei r clients information needs, making office calls, providing consultation services, offering themselves as contractors, gathering feedback, and measuring product effectiveness.In the modern age of technology, the entire systems are networked. In the networked environment, few information products can stand alone without a support system. With most of the libraries using technology, the space planning and management would be similar to the data warehousing , data maintenance, data based administration, and data retrieval, data archiving and data purging techniques used in the technological terms. BIBLIOGRAPH launch to Health Sciences Librarianship by M. Sandra Wood.

“How Valid Are Rizal’s Political, Educational and Socio-Economic Reforms Today?” Essay

I think that Rizals reforms are still sensible today. A broad man he is, surely his philosophies involved something that of future because great figures always think ahead of time. Moreover, one can hail Rizal as a teacher and so the influence of his teachings is unimaginable. As Henry Adams said, A teacher affects eternity no one can tell where his influence stops. Indeed, no one can tell, since we are still influenced by his teachings- the idea that the youth is the hope of our nation is still instilled in our minds.In politics, he believed the extension of homophile rights, the training for self-government and the arousing of spirit of discontent over oppression, brutality, inhumanity, sensitiveness and self-love. These reforms signify the rights of the people. Surely, these rights should be implemented not only in his time but for completely seasons, be it now or in the future.In his reforms regarding education, Rizal focuses on the improvement in schools and methods of teach ing. This is surely applicable today since we have been aiming to be globally able and many Filipinos have become aware of the importance of education. It seems like it has even become a prerequisite of life.Lastly, his idea about socio-economic prospect involves that of nation make and not individual complaisant problems. The main point of his philosophy covers the problems of the whole race, with every problem having a distinct solution to bolster the peoples social knowledge.Though people now have becoming less patriotic and have been neglecting the freedom that has been given to them, Rizals teachings are still great reminder that weve been really lucky to have our own nation and so we must work together in order to build a bump nation for the future generation. They have done theirs by giving us freedom, thus, we must also do so.Fortunately, these reforms of Rizal about politics, education, and socio-economic are lower-ranking by little taking into effect for this generati on. Citizens have been aware of their rights and their practicing it now. They also learned the value of education and the advantage theyll acquire if they practice a healthy economic and social life with other people.

Business: Communism and United States Essay

Julie Marshalls first cousin, Jean-Paul, lives and works in Belgium. They have had long discussions via email about the benefits and drawbacks of living in the US, a capitalist system, versus living in Belgium, a collectivized economic system. Jean-Paul defended Belgiums system. What do you think Julie would say about the benefits of living in the US and the drawbacks of living in Belgium, and how would Jean-Paul respond?Explain Julies position and Jean-Pauls response in an essay format that is at least 250 words in length. I would say that the U.S. benefits would be better because its more opportunity and you progress more into your career versus getting benefits outside the U.S. I mean Arnold Swarzenegger utter it better on 106 and Park. He said thats how his career had started and had taken off ever since he was 21 when he had won Mr. Universe. With the capitalist system in the U.S. you have the right to own private property, the right to own a business and keep all that busine sss profits, the right to independence of completion, and the right to salvagedom of choice. Under capitalism most factors of production and distri exactlyion are owned by individuals. The capitalist system is the foundation of the United States.With the socialist economic system the system should be owned by the government and is based on premise and other businesses. The major benefit for a socialist economic system is social equality because the government takes income no matter if you are rich or poor. Also education can be free through college, free health care, and free child care. If you are in a socialist country you get longer vacations, less hours, and more employee benefits, but capitalism prevails. A Marxist society would have no private property rights and solids produced in it. It would be distributed among the citizens. The U.S. is taking baby steps on dogmatic socialism. Socialism creates more equality than capitalism and it tends to result in fewer inventions. I would think Julie would like the benefits better in the United States and he would of responded with good intentions on the United States Benefits.

Can Prison Deter Crime? Essay

Danbury wasnt a prison house, it was a crime school. I went in with a Bachelor of marijuana, came out with a doctorate of cocaine George JungThe above quote was intermitn by nonorious international drug lord, and one of the most successful career vile of forward-looking convictions, George Jung, when discussing the flaws of the modern penal corpse. While subsequent to this original incarceration, George did also frequently state that he would never altogetherow himself to be detained in prison again, it is obvious that the really mechanism intent on deterring him from such deviance instead served as a stepping stone in the advancement of his criminal career (Porter, 1993). This double edge erect of the detainment of criminals, identified above, brings into capitulum the effectiveness of the most widely recognised method of dealing with criminal solveivity of modern times. The physical confinement of deviants in rescript privy be traced back to the writings of Plato discussing prisons in ancient Athens. Likewise, archaeologists and historians suck in combined to describe the Great Prison of the Egyptian Middle terra firma (Morris & Rothman, 1998).The modern baby-sit of the prison that we would know to twenty-four hour period, with prison acting as a mechanism at the disposal of the court to a significant extent, is truly relatively young with its origins traced back a mere 300 hundred years to Western Europe and the United States (Coyle, 2005). In the 18th degree centigrade, the Quakers developed this desire of transforming the prison into a sanctuary for reformation, whereby a criminal would be transformed through isolation, forced fag and religious instruction (Kontos, 2010). Though the methods and motivations of this incarceration have changed over time, the sheer longevity of employing physical grasp as a response to behaviour deemed unacceptable by greater society, pays testament to its undeniable keen-witted. condescension genera l acceptance of this method across the centuries, questions of its effectiveness as a deterrent of criminal activity have become prominent in more(prenominal) modern times with emphasis on rehabilitation rather than punishment and retri preciselyion now evident. In this essay I will attempt to quotation some of these questions beginning with an over status of societies changing motivations for and expectations of this system. Following this, I will then give an overview of the arguments that say prison simply does not effectively act as a deterrent towards crime. To provide an unbiased balance to the piece, I will then give account of the counter arguments to this, which take the more traditional view of prison still serving its purpose in society. Finally, I will conclude by briefly giving my own opinion on the sales outlet with relation to referenced arguments.Motivations for/ Expectations of PrisonsWhile it is generally accepted that the presence of the prison as a tool of the criminal justice system as a whole has a positive effect as a deterrent towards crime, there is little evidence to suggest that marginal changes of the inner workings intimate the prison has any effect as to the level of this deterrence (Morris & Rothman, 1998). This fact would suggest that a debate into the motivations and hence nature of incarceration is meaningless, since it is only the canonical denial of physical liberty that appears to be relevant. Despite this, I feel it is important to understand the fundamental motivational f fakers of society behind the prison and how that affects its workings. later on all a lack of clarity of direction and conflicting ideologies can have negative effects, only condemning further the failures of the prison system. The functions of the modern day prison can be divided into three main sections which I will now briefly discussRetribution/PunishmentPunishment would see the most obvious function of a prison and indeed the Criminal Justic e Act 2003 states The court must not pass a tutelary sentence unless it is of the opinion that the umbrage..was so serious that neither a fine nor a community sentence can be justified for the offence (Criminal Justice Act 2003 In Coyle, 2005 12) The more sever the crime the greater the level of punishment, without mention of mental state or rehabilitation. Indeed you, a great deal encounter of people criticising that a criminal got off with community sentences or a fine. Other frequent criticism also lies in the treatment of detainees while in prison. Frequently, it is argued that prisoners are treated too well in prison, with the modern prison often creation equipped with TVs and other such luxuries. While the use of a TV does not have any effect on the rehabilitative effects and does not cause any greater risk to the law permanent public, it is simply this idea that one must be punished in prison as retribution for the crimes they committed.Indeed there could be argued a r ational for such punishment to ensure acceptance of the system by society, for if victims feel that these criminals have got off too lightly they are more likely to ingest their own revenge, leading to even more law and disorder. As well as ensuring a public acceptance of justice, a direct link is often do between a greater the level of punishment providing a greater deterrent to potential perpetrators. A short sentence in a comfortable prison would not provide the same deterrent to commit crime as a long sentence in an uncomfortable prison. Additionally, introductory to imprisonment, the probability that one could be sent to prison for committing a crime must be weighed up against the length and standard of sentence to ensure deterrence.For example, 0.0001% of perpetrators world sent to a sub standard South American labour camp for 40 years might not have the same effect as 99% of prisoners being sent to a more comfortable prison for 6 months. This being said a correlation betw een punishment and deterrence can at times defy logical system with Eysenck using the example of countries murder rates not being related to whether or not they employ the death penalty (Eysenck, 1964). With the civilization and democratization of modern societies, naturally, more severe punishments such as corporal punishment or labour camps are now being less utilised.A mentality of men feeler to prison as a punishment rather than men coming to prison to be punished has now developed (Coyle, 2005). Foucault described this transition from torture to incarceration as born out of sympathy for the tortured bodies of offenders (Kontos, 2010) With the detention in prison now being the punishment itself, issues such as sentence length are now paramount in providing an adequate deterrent. renewalThis idea of prison as a place of reform grew from the 19th century onwards and the notion can be seen as attr lively on many accounts. Firstly, it provides great justification for sentencing for both the judicial system and society as a whole, providing a moral high ground that the punishment model does not. In this model criminals are seen as a minority who display traits that distinguish them from greater society. Most crime is seen as being committed by this minority and therefore the reformation of this group will lead to a significant reduction in crime. Criminals are not seen as victim of circumstances, but rather have underlying traits which can be altered, meaning criminals can be released back into the same circumstances as a functioning fragment of society.The principle that humans can be encouraged to alter their behaviour is a sound one however it could be argued that the prison is not the locus for this to occur (Morris & Rothman, 1998). Foucault again summarizes the issues well saying that personal change comes from personal choice and cannot be forced upon someone (Coyle, 2005). Difficulties can arise from indecision as to the exact purpose of prisons when sentencing length reflects desire for punishment, while incarceration reflects desire for reform. Short term sentences provide little use for character reform and therefore little justification for prison. This being said if one is to remain in prison for a period of time it would seem rational that efforts would be made to reform the character regardless (Kontos, 2010).Public Protection/IncapacitationIt is undeniable that at least for the period that a criminal is in prison the greater public is protected from them, by virtue of the fact they are physically unable to commit crime. Due to the nature of short sentences and the negative impact prison can have on a young criminals propensity to crime, this protection can prove very limited. Rather than deterring crime, from this perspective, prison simply makes it unaccepted for criminals to commit crime for the periods which they are incarcerated. A criminals life career follows a relatively predictable cycle. Criminals tend to be mo st active from mid to late adolescence until their late twenties.Gradually they become less active in their early mid-thirties and this propensity virtually disappears by their mid thirties (Morris & Rothman, 1998). In many facets of crime, repeat offenders commit small offences and therefore are given short sentences, meaning they are soon once again receptive of committing crimes, leaving society exposed. This issue was addressed in the premiere half of the 20th century implementing preventative detention when dealing with repeat offenders. Additional time was put on top of the standard sentence for repeat offenders preventing them from reoffending. However, this form of sentencing was seen as unjust and quickly abandoned (Coyle, 2005).Now that we have established societys motivations behind prison and the deterring effect they have on crime, we will now examine the argument that prison in fact does not deter crime and in many cases can even encourage it.Prison Doesnt deter Cr imeThere are several factors which contribute to an actors propensity to crime both before initial imprisonment and after. This distinction between before and after initial imprisonment is important collectable to the high rates of re-imprisonment in Ireland. If prison is to be found to deter crime directly, then interaction between prisoner and prison should address these issues. The first factor which affects an actors propensity to commit crime is the personality of the criminal. There are two types of personality defects which can lead to an actor psychological and psychopathic. For criminals with psychological issues, the factors behind the criminals first and second or third offence are likely to be the same. Factors can be a range of issues, from addiction to a mental health disorder such as paedophilia. Simple punishment methods that may deter normal actors do not apply here and a lack of treatment or adequate rehabilitation would simply lead to convictions on a regular bas is.This then brings into question the levels of rehabilitation in prisons in order to deter future offences. As already mentioned, prison is far from the ideal venue for mental health emolument or treatment and relapse-prevention programmes have not proven successful (Eysenck, 1964). Psychopathic traits can be defined as an individual whose character traits deviate so far from the culturally accepted norm that he finds difficulty in conforming to ordinary social demands (West, 1963 60). Psychopaths show numerous symptoms such as callow tantrums, sporadic violence, a lack of social learning and emotional indifference (lack of remorse or guilt) (West, 1963). Again, to deter such deviants, treatment is needed which perhaps would be more suitable to a mental hospital rather than an institution based on the Quakers fundamental premise of isolation and hard labour.Contrary to logic the actual experience inside prison itself can also prove to increase ones propensity to commit crime. Tho ugh some authors (Saunders & Billante, 2002) do argue that increase committals does reduce crime, and the unprecedented 20 year reduction in crime combined with an equally unprecedented rise in prison population does give them ammunition. Many preachers of this high imprisonment rate model blatantly disregards trends in other countries citing the undeniably extraordinary figures in the U.S. as undisputable evidence. However, even in countries as close to the US as Canada, flaws have already begun to emerge with Piche stating that the use of imprisonment has failed to enhance public safety in locations that have shifted towards a mass incarceration model (Piche, 2010 23).Many would argue that young offenders, who so often enter prison for short sentences resulting from minor offences, come out of prison more devious criminals then when they went in. A young troubled youth who has already become involved in minor crime enters into a system where he is forced to socialise with more har dened criminals, often with crime syndicate affiliations. With much crime being affiliated with drugs and gang affiliation, immediately the young criminal becomes much more likely to reoffend due to his apparently rehabilitative stint in prison with prison acting as a recruitment means for gangs (Rogan, 2011). Potentially a young criminal who entered prison for a relatively minor offence can leave prison with criminal underworld ties, gang affiliations and the pressures to commit crime that come with that.Additionally, after this initial incarceration the young criminal is then known to the authorities and is then more likely to be caught committing crime. While it could not be said that entering prison for a short stint is an incentive to commit crime, it could certainly not be seen as a deterrent for an already delinquent juvenile (Rogan, 2011). While the deterring effect of prison does stretch far beyond the small minority who are at some stage committed to prison, the fact tha t most recorded crime, warranting incarceration, is committed by a small minority would suggest that greatest deterring affects could be had by at least reducing inmates propensity to crime. This prison link between prison and gangs and drugs cannot be over emphasised. Drugs are seen as a leading factor of crime, both as users and dealers.On average it is said that drug users will have contact with the criminal justice system at least once a year. This effect can be direct or indirect. Schleslinger found that while many burglars are drug and alcohol underage only a small minority have been actually intoxicated during the burglaries, meaning an indirect affect (Schleslinger, 2000). Schleslinger also found a strong alliance between crime and drugs and concluded that someone who became involved in the criminal lifestyle was likely to become involved in substance abuse. It would appear that the prison creates an environment where a troubled youth who is struggling to find direction is given every opportunity to fail in the prison environment.Prison Does Deter CrimeDespite the fact that it has been found that over half of those released from prison will be re-imprisoned within four years there are those who act as advocates for prison as a mechanism of deterrence towards crime and they are not without convincing statistics of their own (ODonnell, 2005). In the late 20th century two major policy changes occurred that coincided with the greatest decrease in crime in modern history in the US, and more specifically the pioneering state of unfermented York. Firstly, the revolutionary Broken Windows theory was developed and apply in New York. Secondly, a conscious decision was made to ensure that more offenders would end up in prison, where before alternative sanctions would have been implemented.The rationale behind this second shift was based on academic literature in the field of economics rather than sociology and a brief overview of this argument provided a bri ef summary of why prison deters crime economically. The piece, originally written in the 1960s by Chicago economist Gary Becker, suggested that crime, like any other business, was the result of a calculation between benefits vs. risks/cost. From this Becker reasoned that by changing this calculus, by causing the risks and be to outweigh the benefits, the rate of crime could be decreased (Saunders & Billante, 2002).Much discussion developed out of Beckers argument, and though it was not agreed by everyone that all criminals were in fact rational utility maximisers, eventually from this it was decided that to increase cost and risks in this equation firstly they must increase the probability of being caught and second ensure that offenders saw prison time as a result of their actions. Funding was increased to ensure capture and conviction and new policies were implemented to increase the severity of penalties resulting in both high prison rates (doubling from 1970-1980 and again doub ling from 1981-1995) but also drastic decreases in crime defined below (Morris & Rothman, 1998).

Factors which may affect the Learning Process Essay

The nature of the culture process has been studied by psychologists and physiologists. Many experiments brace been performed and the literature on the subject is voluminous. There has been cease s illuminance process in exploring what is non known about learning. Each year sees new discoveries and new hypotheses. slightly proposed hypotheses were proven wrong and some older discoveries were do eligible for major modification. Subjecting individuals and classes to scientific measurements has lifted certain phases of learning from the realm of speculation to the realm of science.At present, there is no comprehensive theory concerning each aspects of learning. There is colossal disagreement about the language to be used in describing learning. Different writers hold conflicting positions on the degree of specificity of generality inhibit in talking about learning. The science of psychology is of significance for the light that it throws upon the nature of the learning process a nd upon the conditions most favorable to learning. Many other sciences have contributed a great deal to an understanding of the nature of the learning process and to the principal issues involved in the education of boys and girls.For example, sociology, physiology, biology, and biochemistry have added much to the improvement of educational procedures. In order to understand the pedagogy process, the students or the teacher must first know something about the learning process concerns the teacher no less than the pupils. Although the teacher cannot do the actual learning for the pupil, he can facilitate learning through effective pedagogics. Effective teaching and learning demand shargond understanding between teacher and learner. Moreover, motivation of schooling learning is well related to the law of readiness.Readiness does not connote the mere desire to learn, his self concept and self-confidence, his levels of aspiration, and his knowledge and appraisal of how well he is d oing in relation to his goals. This paper intent to discuss factors which may affect the learning process. II. Discussion A. Factors which may affect the Learning Process It has been found that the pupils difficulty in leaning may be due to many factors within the shaver himself. Some of the important factors which may affect the learning process are as follows. Intellectual factor. The term refers to the individual mental level.Success in school is generally closely related to the level of the intellect. Pupils with low intelligence often encounter serious difficulty in mastering school choke. Sometimes pupils do not learn because of special intellectual disabilities. A low score in one subject and his scores in other subjects indicate the possible presence of a special deficiency. Psychology reveals to us that an individual possesses different kind of intelligence. Knowledge of the nature of the pupils intellect is of considerable value in the guidance and the diagnosis of dis ability.The native capacity of the individual is of prime importance in determining the effectiveness of the learning process. Learning factors. Factors owing to lack of mastery of what has been taught, faulty methods of work or study, and narrowness of experimental background may affect the leaning process of any pupil. If the school proceeds too rapidly and does not ceaselessly check up on the extent to which the pupil is mastering what is being taught, the pupil accumulates a number of deficiencies that interfere with successful progress.In arithmetic, for instance, knowledge of staple addition is essential to successful work in multiplication. Weakness in addition will contribute promptly to the deficiency in multiplication. Likewise, failure in history may be due to low reading ability or weakness in English. Similarly, because of faulty instruction, the pupil may have intentional inefficient methods of study. Many other kinds of difficulty which are directly related to lear ning factors may interfere with progress. Physical factors. Under this group are include much(prenominal) factors as health, forcible development, nutrition, visual and physical defects, and glandular abnormality.It is generally recognized that ill health retards physical and motor development, and malnutrition interfere with learning and physical growth. Children suffering from visual, auditory, and other physical defects are seriously handicapped in developing skills such as reading and spelling. It has been demonstrated that various glands of internal secretion, such as thyroid and pituitary glands, affect behavior. The health of the learner will interchangeablely affect his ability to learn and his index to concentrate. Mental factors. Attitude go under mental factors.Attitudes are made up of organic and kinesthetic elements. They are not to be confused with emotions that are characterized by internal intuitive disturbance. Attitudes are more or less of definite sort. They play a large part in the mental organization and general behavior of the individual. Attitudes are also important in the development of personality. Among these attitudes are interest, cheerfulness, affection, prejudice, open-mindedness, and loyalty. Attitudes exercise a stimulating effect upon the rate of learning and teaching and upon the progress in school.The capability of the work from day to day and the rapidity with which it is achieved are influenced by the attitude of the learner. A favorable mental attitude facilitates learning. The factor of interest is very closely related in nature to that symbolic drive and reward. Emotional and social factors. Personal factors, such as instincts and emotions, and social factors, such as cooperation and rivalry, are directly related to a complex psychology of motivation. It is a recognized fact that the various responses of the individual to various kinds of stimuli are conditiond by a broad variety of tendencies.Some of these inna te tendencies are constructive and others are harmful. For some reason a pupil may have developed a abominate for some subject because he may fail to see its value, or may lack foundation. This dislike results in a bad emotional state. Some pupils are in continuing state of unhappiness because f their fear of being victims of the disapproval of their teachers and classmates. This is an unwholesome attitude and affects the learning process to a considerable degree. This is oftentimes the result of bad training. Social discontent springs from the knowledge or delusion that one is below others in welfare.Teachers personality. The teacher as an individual personality is an important element in the learning environment or in the failures and success of the learner. The way in which his personality interacts with the personalities of the pupils being taught helps to determine the kind of behavior which emerges from the learning situation. The supreme value of a teacher is not in the regu lar performance of routine duties, but in his power to lead and to inspire his pupils through the influence of his personality and example. Effective teaching and learning are the results of an integrated personality of the teacher.Generally speaking, pupils do not like a grouchy teacher who cannot control his temper before the class. It is impossible for a teacher with a temper to create enthusiasm and to radiate light and sunshine to those about him. Pupils love a happy, sympathetic, enthusiastic, and cheerful teacher. Environmental factor. Physical conditions needed for learning is under the environmental factor. One of the factors that affect the efficiency of learning is the condition in which learning takes place. This includes the classroom, textbooks, equipment, school supplies, and other instructional materials.In the school and at the home, the conditions for learning must be favorable and adequate if teaching is to produce the desired instructional materials and equipment play an important part in the instructional efficiency of the school. It is difficult to do a good job of teaching in poor type of building and without adequate and instructional materials. A school building or a classroom has no merit when build without due to regard to its educational objectives and functions. III. Conclusion In conclusion, our knowledge concerning learning and the teaching process has thus undergone profound development in the last cardinal years.Once it seemed sufficient for the educational psychologist to formulate a set of principles of learning around fairly simple concepts of exercise and effect. The teacher applied these principles through the techniques of drill, reward, and punishment. scarcely with the development of theory and research, the psychologist has found it necessary to expand and to refine his understanding of learning with consequent important implication for learning. Reference 1. The Learning Process. (Nov. 11, 2003). http//www. dynami cflight. com/avcfibook/learning_process/

Islamic Fundamentalism Essay

20 March 2007 Introduction On September 11, 2001, the United States of America go through the worst act of terrorism ever perpetrated on Ameri target soil, as major targets in New York, Washington DC, and Pennsylvania were the scenes of the massive slaughter of inculpable civilians. From the moment that the first act commenced, the rumor mill flew into oerdrive, conveniently blaming the terrorism on militant Islamic people, and implying that this promptment had suddenly sprung up out of abstruseness to strike at the heart of America like a thief in the night.The reality is much more complex, for fundamentalist Islam has a much seven-day history, and the threat it continues to pose to western hemisphereern nation, even today, had been growing and mutating for generations prior to 9/11. In this paper, the very definition of fundamentalism at its beginning will be presented, as well as the perversion of it that has led to the challenges and threats the West now has come to bear. R oots of Fundamentalism.To begin, one needs to understand two very different and special terms followers of Islam and Islamic Fundamentalists, as the two groups are vastly different, yet both claim legitimacy under the same doctrine. In its purest form, Islam is ground upon the ancient teachings of the prophet Muhammad, who was said to have been given the Quran, or holy book of Islam, by God himself, with Muhammad as the messenger and deliverer of the Quran and its teachings to the pack (Davidson).If one were to follow the teachings of Islam in a more traditional sense, as Muhammad is said to have received the word from God, they would be peaceful, obedient servants of God, and Muhammad, on that pointby enriching their lives, natural elevation solid families and leaving the world a better place than what is was when they were born into it. Eventually, however, political turmoil distorted this message and gave rise to a strain of Islam that is cognise as Fundamentalism or Extrem ism, depending upon the source of the material.This interpretation of Islam and the Quran takes the inflexible view that those who do not believe in Islam, and follow the Quran, are characterized as Infidels, and the charge of their infidelity to Islam is death. Of course, the Christian ideals of the West make America a convenient target of this sort of massive hatred, but this hatred has also been fueled over the years by Americas defense of other enemies of the fundamentalists/extremists such as the people of Turkey and Israel (Mustikhan).Eventually, the rage of these Islamics would erupt against the US on a large scale, beginning in the 1970s. The Islamic Terrorist is Born It is generally agreed that those who are today termed Islamic Terrorists were first given that moniker by the West in 1979, when the United States Embassy in Tehran, Iran was seized by terrorists, taking hundreds of American diplomats and their support staffs hostage in a siege that ultimately lasted 444 days , and brought the United States to the brink of war with Iran.The group of Iranians and assorted others who were in essence the foot soldiers who undertook the plot, led by the extremist leader Ayatollah Khomeini, came to be called Islamic Terrorists (Hoveyda). From there, the stereotype of what a terrorist is, and their say-so to puzzle out havoc on innocent people, began to grow in the minds of the world community. terrors to Western Democracy Due to the widespread presence of Islamic Extremists/ activists, the threat to Western Democracy has become very real, and of course has manifested itself in such tragedies as the Iran Hostage Crisis and 9/11.Given the humble beginnings and admirable teachings that are found in the Quran, and were exhibited by Muhammad and carried down by his disciples, it is a wonderment as to exactly how/why Islam eventually spawned a militant faction which goes against the foundations of the faith itself. In a word, the angry offshoot is the byproduc t of fanaticism. Fanatics are those members of the Islamic community who have taken the position that any government, or religion (in their mind, they should be one in the same) that does not practice the teachings of the Quran are the equivalent of parasites that must be eradicated for the good of the human race.The defense of this attitude, and the resultant violence which comes out of the attitude, is due to misinterpretation of the Quran, indeed making these individuals worthy of the extremist label. Because the Islamic Extremists have convinced themselves that they are doing the will of God, as laid out in their creative interpretation of the Quran, there quite literally is nothing stopping them from continuing to launch attacks against the Western Democracies, as well as other infidels who hold views and practice lifestyles which are unlike to theirs.One particularly chilling reality of the threat against Western Democracy is the fact that Islamic Extremists, while found in large numbers in some nations more commonly than others, really do not have a nation with borders, do not fly an identifiable flag, or wearing a uniform that indicates that they are Islamic Extremists, despite what the leadership of the United States may choose to claim in the present day. Rather, the Extremists have the ability to move freely about the globe and do not have a set territory where organized armies can pursue and battle them.This sort of an lightless threat, not centered in a geographic location but highly organized and well financed as well as armed to the hilt, holds the potential to destroy their enemies, such as the Western Democracies, which are somewhat restrained by physical borders and the need to engage in conventional warfare. Because of this, the paradox is clear- how can an enemy be fought if it cannot be readily seen or tracked? Also, the inability to negotiate with Islamic Extremists closes another avenue of resolving differences and stopping the bloo dshed.Conclusion- What is the Future Threat? This paper has shown that Fundamental Islam has the means, mindset, and determination to bring Western Democracy to its knees, as well as the point of annihilation. What this will mean for the future is anyones calculate but one thing is for sure- without some sort of decisive action against Islamic Fundamentalists, many more innocent lives may be lost, and hard lessons may be learned too late and at too high of a price.Works CitedDavidson, Lawrence. Islamic Fundamentalism. Westport, CT Greenwood Press, 1998. Hoveyda, Fereydoun. The Broken Crescent The Threat of Militant Islamic Fundamentalism. Westport, CT Praeger, 1998. Marin-Guzman, Roberto. Fanaticism A Major Obstacle in the Muslim Christian Dialogue. the Case of Twentieth Century Islamic Fundamentalism. Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ) 25. 3 (2003) 63+. Mustikhan, Ahmar. The Roots of Islamic Extremism. World and I July 1999 74.

Challenges Faced by Hr Management Essay

Challenges faced by HR management when signifi fundamentt staff cutbacks occur and how they should be addressedDownsizing is never easy on the gracious resourcefulness department. In fact, if not handled properly, it could be detrimental to the overall placement. Here are some challenges that come along with downsizing Addressing the shifting morale and of necessity of the surviving employees, maintaining the productivity and profitability of the organization, and retaining mean, and qualified employees.Staff cutbacks can leave the surviving employees feeling demoralized, bitter, angry, and in shock. One role of piece Resource caution is to act as an employee advocate. In a time of subject fieldforce decrement, communication with employees as well as acknowledging their concerns and fears, can work to rebuild the employees backbone of security in the workplace and help him/her to reengage in the culture of the organization. Through strategic Human Resource Management and pl anning, the shared values and beliefs of the organization can be reinforced to its employees and the collective value of the capabilities, knowledge, skills, life experiences, and motivation of the organizational workforce can be retained.Once there has been a major reduction in force within an organization, productivity and profitability becomes a main target of Human Resource management. One HR strategy would be to open much hours and responsibility to existing workers. However, eventually employees will become overworked and productivity will suffer. Utilizing alternative tactics such(prenominal) as hiring contingent or working(prenominal) workers is a strategic HR plan to maintain productivity and profitability while not having to pay the cost of benefits.Reducing turnover of qualified and skilled employees is an ongoing grounds of Human Resource Management. Employees who survive workforce cuts tend to disengage the culture of the organization because they have lost faith in the organization being a lifetime employer. When an organization goes through a massive layoff process, the employee retention efforts of Human Resource Management could intensify. Employee retention efforts may include, constantly communicating with employees, and paying attention to surviving employees. As an example of a strategic Human Resource plan to hold on to skilled employees, an alternative work arrangement such as telecommuting might be offered to a worker.The functionality of Human Resources is always changing to meet the ever evolving needs of an organization. For example, when Xerox trenchant to downsize, the function of Human Resources became environmental scanning strategic planning. The restructuring goal however, included more than just a reduction in force. It was determined that the Human Resource entity needed to be streamlined and become a more efficient part of the organization. As a result, the use of technology, and maintaining employee retention was the core that developed HR into a more strategic part of the Xerox organization.There are two purposes that HR technology serves in an organization. The first is to improve the efficiency of employee selective information and HR activities collection. At Xerox, the use of HR technology has been instrumental in making HR services more accessible to their workforce.The second purpose of HR technology is to capture a greater degree of informational data that enables HR planning and managerial decision making. Again, Xerox made use of this aspect by supplying intranet employee surveys and tracking employee views on the company and HR. The information gathered allowed HR and managers to address areas that received lower scores on the survey. These efforts by the company and the HR department have had an effect on employee retention at Xerox.As stated earlier, reducing turnover of qualified and skilled employees is an ongoing effort of Human Resource Management. Xerox has made retaining espec ially high-potential employees a priority. Organizations have found that keeping good employees can be a challenge. However, in an effort to keep skilled and or high performing employees engaged and embracing the organizational culture and HR values of an organization, some employers will offer incentives. Employers, such as Xerox, will invest in employee training and development.Although this can be a double edge sword by potentially making an employee more marketable for other organizations, employers have found that when they invest in employees through job training and or monetary compensation, employee job satisfaction increases and employees are more likely to stay. In addition, employees who are engaged in an organization are more likely to be top performers and miss fewer work days.In summation, both technology and employee retention are key in HR development because they both lend to the culture of an organization. 1. Technology by improving the administrative efficiency of HR, and the responsiveness of HR to employees and managers. 2. Employee retention by maintaining employees who through their experience and loyalty to the organization, becomes a core competency and perpetuates the values and cultures to newer employees.

Foundation and Empire 22. Death On Neotrantor

NEOTRANTOR The sm each planet of Delicass, renamed after the Great nonify, was for nearly a century, the stub of the decision dynasty of the First Empire. It was a shadow world and a shadow Empire and its existence is b argonly of legalistic importance. Under the first of the Neotrantorian dynastyEncyclopedia galacticaNeotrantor was the name New Trantor And when you take a shit verbalise the name you defy tucker at a stroke all the resemblances of the new Trantor to the great original. Two parsecs away, the sun of Old Trantor free sh ace and the Galaxys Imperial Capital of the previous century still cut finished space in the coterminous and eternal repetition of its orbit.Men even inhabited Old Trantor. none many a degree Celsius million, perhaps, where fifty years before, forty billions had swarmed. The huge, metal world was in jagged splinters. The towering thrusts of the multi-towers from the whiz world-girdling seat were torn and empty still bearing the origin al blastholes and firegut shards of the Great Sack of forty years ear pillowr.It was hostile that a world which had been the center of a Galaxy for two thousand years that had ruled inexhaustible space and been home to legislators and rulers whose whims spanned the parsecs could die in a month. It was eerie that a world which had been untouched through and through the vast conquering sweeps and retreats of a millennia, and equally untouched by the civil wars and palace revolutions of other millennia should lie dead at last. It was strange that the Glory of the Galaxy should be a rotting corpse.And patheticFor centuries would insofar pass before the mighty works of fifty generations of humans would decay past use. Only the declining causalitys of men, themselves, rendered them profitless promptly.The millions left after the billions had died tore up the gleaming metal base of the planet and exposed disfigurement that had not felt the touch of sun in a thousand years.Surro unded by the mechanic perfections of human efforts, encircled by the industrial marvels of mankind freed of the tyranny of environment they re saturnine to the land. In the huge affair clearings, wheat and corn grew. In the shadow of the towers, sheep grazed.But Neotrantor existed an obscure village of a planet drowned in the shadow of mighty Trantor, until a heart-throttled royal family, racing before the fire and flame of the Great Sack sped to it as its last refuge and held out in that location, barely, until the roaring wave of rebellion subsided. There it ruled in ghostly splendor over a cadaverous remnant of Imperium.Twenty agricultural worlds were a Galactic EmpireDagobert IX, ruler of 20 worlds of refractory squires and sullen peasants, was Emperor of the Galaxy, Lord of the Universe.Dagobert IX had been twenty-five on the melodic phrasey day he arrived with his set about upon Neotrantor. His look and mind were still alive with the glory and the power of the Empire that was. But his son, who might single day be Dagobert X, was born on Neotrantor.Twenty worlds were all he knew.Jord Commasons open air car was the finest vehicle of its type on all Neotrantor and, after all, mighty so. It did not end with the fact that Commason was the liberalst landowner on Neotrantor. It began there. For in earlier days he had been the abetter _or_ abettor and evil genius of a young hood prince, restive in the dominating grip of a middle-aged emperor. And now he was the companion and still the evil genius of a middle-aged crown prince who hated and dominated an old emperor.So Jord Commason, in his air car, which in mother-of-pearl finish and gold-and-lumetron embroidery needed no coat of arms as owners identification, surveyed the lands that were his, and the miles of rolling wheat that were his, and the huge threshers and harvesters that were his, and the tenant-farmers and machine-tenders that were his and considered his problems cautiously.Beside him , his bent and decrease chauffeur guided the transmit gently through the upper winds and make a faced.Jord Commason spoke to the wind, the air, and the sky, You remember what I told you, Inchney?Inchneys sylphlike gray hair wisped lightly in the wind. His gap-toothed smile widened in its thin-lipped fashion and the vertical wrinkles of his cheeks deepened as though he were keeping an eternal secret from himself. The whisper of his voice whistled between his teeth.I remember, sire, and I have thought.And what have you thought, Inchney? There was an impatience about the question.Inchney remembered that he had been young and mittsome, and a lord on Old Trantor. Inchney remembered that he was a disfigured ancient on Neotrantor, who lived by grace of Squire Jord Commason, and salaried for the grace by lending his subtlety on request. He sighed very softly.He whispered again, Visitors from the first appearance, sire, are a convenient thing to have. Especially, sire, when they come with moreover a single ship, and save a single fighting man. How welcome they might be.Welcome? utter Commason, gloomily. Perhaps so. But those men are magicians and whitethorn be powerful.Pugh, muttered Inchney, the mistiness of distance hides the truth. The Foundation is only if a world. Its citizens are but men. If you blast them, they die.Inchney held the ship on its course A river was a winding sparkle below. He whispered, And is there not a man they speak of now who stirs the worlds of the Periphery?Commason was suddenly suspicious. What do you know of this?There was no smile on his chauffeurs face. Nothing, sire. It was but an idle question.The squires hesitation was short. He utter, with brutal directness, Nothing you ask is idle, and your method of acquiring knowledge lead have your scrawny neck in a vise merely. But I have it This man is called the mule, and a subject of his had been here some months ago on a calculate of business. I await another now for its c onclusion.And these newcomers? They are not the ones you want, perhaps?They lack the identification they should have.It has been inform that the Foundation has been captured-I did not tell you that.It has been so reported, continued Inchney, coolly, and if that is correct, then these whitethorn be refugees from the destruction, and may be held for the Mules man out of honest friendship.Yes? Commason was uncertain.And, sire, since it is well-known that the friend of a conqueror is but the last victim, it would be but a measure of honest self-defense. For there are such things as psychical probes, and here we have four Foundation brains. There is much about the Foundation it would be profitable to know, much even about the Mule. And then the Mules friendship would be a trifle the less overpowering.Commason, in the quiet of the upper air, returned with a shiver to his first thought. But if the Foundation has not fallen. If the reports are lies. It is said that it has been foretold it can not fall.We are past the age of soothsayers, sire.And still if it did not fall, Inchney. Think If it did not fall. The Mule made me promises, thusly- He had gone too far, and backtracked. That is, he made boasts. But boasts are wind and works are hard.Inchney laughed noiselessly. Deeds are hard indeed, until begun. One could scarcely find a further tutelage than a Galaxy-end Foundation.There is still the prince, murmured Commason, almost to himself.He deals with the Mule also, then, sire?Commason could not quite gnarl down the complacent shift of features. Not entirely. Not as I do. But he grows wilder, more than uncontrollable. A demon is upon him. If I seize these masses and he takes them away for his own use for he does not lack a certain shrewdness I am not yet go down to quarrel with him. He frowned and his heavy cheeks bent downwards with dislike.I saw those strangers for a few moments yesterday, said the gray chauffeur, irrelevantly, and it is a strange woman, that dark one. she walks with the freedom of a man and she is of a startling pallidity against the dark luster of hair. There was almost a warmth in the husky whisper of the shrivel voice, so that Commason turned toward him in sudden surprise.Inchney continued, The prince, I think, would not find his shrewdness proof against a reasonable compromise. You could have the rest, if you left him the girl-A light broke upon Commason, A thought Indeed a thought Inchney, turn back And Inchney, if all turns well, we impart discuss further this matter of your freedom.It was with an almost superstitious sense of symbolism that Commason found a Personal Capsule waiting for him in his private guide when he returned. It had arrived by a wavelength known to few. Commason smiled a fat smile. The Mules man was coming and the Foundation had indeed fallen.Baytas misty visions, when she had them, of an Imperial palace, did not jibe with the reality, and inside her, there was a vague sense of disappo intment. The means was small, almost plain, almost ordinary. The palace did not even match the mayors residence back at the Foundation and Dagobert IX Bayta had definite ideas of what an emperor ought to look like. He ought not look like somebodys benevolent grandfather. He ought not be thin and white and faded or serving cups of tea clipping with his own hand in an expressed anxiety for the comfort of his visitors.But so it was.Dagobert IX chuckled as he poured tea into her stiffly outheld cup.This is a great pleasance for me, my dear. It is a moment away from ceremony and courtiers. I have not had the opportunity for welcoming visitors from my outer provinces for a time now. My son takes care of these details now that Im older. You havent met my son? A fine boy. Headstrong, perhaps. But then hes young. Do you care for a flavor capsulize? No?Toran attempted an interruption, Your royal majesty-Yes?Your imperial majesty, it has not been our intention to intrude upon you-Nonsense , there is no intrusion. tonight there will be the official reception, but until then, we are free. Lets contact, where did you say you were from? It seems a long time since we had an official reception. You said you were from the body politic of Anacreon?From the Foundation, your imperial majestyYes, the Foundation. I remember now. I had it located. It is in the Province of Anacreon. I have never been there. My doctor forbids extensive traveling. I dont recall any recent reports from my vicereine at Anacreon. How are conditions there? he concluded anxiously.Sire, mumbled Toran, I bring no complaints.That is gratifying. I will commend my viceroy.Toran looked helplessly at Ebling Mis, whose brusque voice rose. Sire, we have been told that it will require your permission for us to visit the Imperial University Library on Trantor.Trantor? questioned the emperor, mildly, Trantor?Then a look of puzzled pain pass over his thin face. Trantor? he whispered. I remember now. I am making plans now to return there with a flood of ships at my back. You shall come with me. Together we will destroy the rebel, Gilmer. Together we shall restore the conglomerateHis bent back had straightened. His voice had strengthened. For a moment his eyes were hard. Then, he blinked and said softly, But Gilmer is dead. I seem to remember Yes. Yes Gilmer is dead Trantor is dead For a moment, it seemed Where was it you said you came from?Magnifico whispered to Bayta, Is this really an emperor? For in some manner I thought emperors were greater and wiser than ordinary men.Bayta motioned him quiet. She said, If your imperial majesty would but sign an order permitting us to go to Trantor, it would avail greatly the common cause.To Trantor? The emperor was blank and uncomprehending.Sire, the Viceroy of Anacreon, in whose name we speak, sends formulate that Gilmer is yet alive-Alive Alive thundered Dagobert. Where? It will be warYour imperial majesty, it must not yet be known. His where abouts are uncertain. The viceroy sends us to acquaint you of the fact, and it is only on Trantor that we may find his covert place. Once discovered-Yes, yes He must be found- The old emperor doddered to the wall and touched the little magic eye with a trembling dactyl. He muttered, after an in meatual pause, My servants do not come. I can not wait for them.He was scribbling on a blank sheet, and ended with a flourished D. He said, Gilmer will yet learn the power of his emperor. Where was it you came from? Anacreon? What are the conditions there? Is the name of the emperor powerful?Bayta took the paper from his loose fingers, Your imperial majesty is beloved by the people. Your love for them is widely known.I shall have to visit my good people of Anacreon, but my doctor says I dont remember what he says, but- He looked up, his old gray eyes sharp, Were you say something of Gilmer?No, your imperial majesty.He shall not advance further. Go back and tell your people that. Trantor s hall hold My father leads the fleet now, and the rebel vermin Gilmer shall freeze in space with his regicidal rabble.He staggered into a seat and his eyes were blank once more. What was I saying?Toran rose and bowed low, Your imperial majesty has been kind to us, but the time allotted us for an audience is over. For a moment, Dagobert IX looked like an emperor indeed as he rose and stood stiff-backed while, one by one, his visitors retreated backward through the door to where twenty armed men intervened and locked a circle about them.A hand-weapon flashed-To Bayta, consciousness returned sluggishly, but without the Where am I? sensation. She remembered clearly the odd old man who called himself emperor, and the other men who waited outside. The arthritic tingle in her finger joints meant a stun pistol.She kept her eyes closed, and listened with painful attention to the voices.There were two of them. One was retard and cautious, with a slyness beneath the surface obsequity. The oth er was hoarse and thick, almost sodden, and blurted out in embarrassing spurts. Bayta liked neither.The thick voice was predominant.Bayta caught the last words, He will live forever, that old madman. It wearies me. It annoys me. Commason, I will have it. I grow older, too.Your highness, let us first see of what use these people are. It may be we shall have sources of strength other than your father still provides.The thick voice was lost in a bubbling whisper. Bayta caught only the phrase, -the girl- but the other, fawning voice was a nasty, low, running chuckle followed by a comradely, near-patronizing, Dagobert, you do not age. They lie who say you are not a youth of twenty.They laughed together, and Baytas blood was an icy trickle. Dagobert your highness The old emperor had spoken of a headstrong son, and the implication of the whispers now mark off fainty upon her. But such things didnt happen to people in real life-Torans voice broke upon her in a slow, hard current of cu rsing.She opened her eyes, and Torans, which were upon her, showed open relief. He said, fiercely, This banditry will be reactioned by the emperor. stop us.It dawned upon Bayta that her wrists and ankles were fastened to wall and floor by a tight attraction field.Thick Voice approached Toran. He was paunchy, his lower eyelids puffed darkly, and his hair was thinning out. There was a gay feather in his top out hat, and the edging of his doublet was embroidered with silvery metal-foam.He sneered with a heavy amusement. The emperor? The poor, mad emperor?I have his pass. No subject may hinder our freedom.But I am no subject, space-garbage. I am the regent and crown prince and am to be addressed as such. As for my poor silly father, it amuses him to see visitors occasionally. And we humor him. It tickles his mock-imperial fancy. But, of course, it has no other meaning.And then he was before Bayta, and she looked up at him contemptuously. He leaned close and his breath was overpowerin gly minted.He said, Her eyes suit well, Commason she is even prettier with them open. I think shell do. It will be an exotic dish for a jaded taste, eh?There was a futile surge upwards on Torans part, which the crown prince ignored and Bayta felt the iciness travel outward to the skin. Ebling Mis was still out head lolling frail upon his chest, but, with a sensation of surprise, Bayta noted that Magnificos eyes were open, sharply open, as though awake for many minutes. Those large brown eyes swiveled towards Bayta and stared at her out of a doughy face.He whimpered, and nodded with his head towards the crown prince, That one has my Visi-Sonor.The crown prince turned sharply toward the new voice, This is yours, nut? He swung the instrument from his shoulder where it had hung, suspended by its green strap, unnoticed by Bayta.He fingered it clumsily, tried to sound a chord and got postal code for his pains, Can you play it, monster?Magnifico nodded once.Toran said suddenly, Youve ri fled a ship of the Foundation. If the emperor will not avenge, the Foundation will.It was the other, Commason, who answered slowly, What Foundation? Or is the Mule no longer the Mule?There was no answer to that. The princes grin showed large uneven teeth. The clowns binding field was broken and he was nudged ungently to his feet. The Visi-Sonor was thrust into his hand.Play for us, monster, said the prince. Play us a serenade of love and beauty for our foreign dame here. Tell her that my fathers country prison is no palace, but that I can take her to one where she can swim in rose water and know what a princes love is. Sing of a princes love, monster.He placed one thick thigh upon a marble table and swung a leg idly, while his fatuous glad stare swept Bayta into a silent rage. Torans sinews strained against the field, in painful, perspiring effort. Ebling Mis stirred and moaned.Magnifico gasped, My fingers are of useless stiffness-Play, monster roared the prince. The lights dimme d at a gesture to Commason and in the dimness he crossed his arms and waited.Magnifico draw his fingers in rapid, rhythmic jumps from end to end of the multikeyed instrument and a sharp, gliding rainbow of light jumped across the room. A low, soft tone sounded throbbing, tearful. It lifted in sad laughter, and underneath it there sounded a dull tolling.The vestige seemed to intensify and grow thick. Music reached Bayta through the muffled folds of invisible blankets. Gleaming light reached her from the depths as though a single candle glowed at the bottom of a pit.Automatically, her eyes strained. The light brightened, but remained blurred. It travel fuzzily, in confused color, and the music was suddenly brassy, evil flourishing in high crescendo. The light flickered quickly, in swift motion to the wicked rhythm. Something twist within the light. Something with poisonous metallic scales writhed and yawned. And the music writhed and yawned with it.Bayta struggled with a strange emotion and then caught herself in a mental gasp. Almost, it reminded her of the time in the meter Vault, of those last days on Haven. It was that horrible, cloying, clinging spiderweb of horror and despair. She shrunk beneath it oppressed.The music dinned upon her, laughing horribly, and the writhing terror at the wrong end of the telescope in the small circle of light was lost as she turned feverishly away. Her forehead was wet and cold.The music died. It must have lasted fifteen minutes, and a vast pleasure at its absence flooded Bayta. Light glared, and Magnificos face was close to hers, sweaty, wild-eyed, lugubrious.My lady, he gasped, how fare you?Well enough, she whispered, but why did you play like that?She became aware of the others in the room. Toran and Mis were limp and helpless against the wall, but her eyes glide over them. There was the prince, lying strangely still at the foot of the table. There was Commason, moaning wildly through an open, drooling mouth.Commaso n flinched, and yelled mindlessly, as Magnifico took a step towards him.Magnifico turned, and with a leap, turned the others loose.Toran lunged upwards and with eager, taut fists seized the landowner by the neck, You come with us. Well want you to make sure we get to our ship.Two hours later, in the ships kitchen, Bayta served a walloping homemade pie, and Magnifico celebrated the return to space by attacking it with a magnificent disregard of table manners.Good, Magnifico?Um-m-m-mMagnifico?Yes, my lady?What was it you played back there?The clown writhed, I Id rather not say. I learned it once, and the Visi-Sonor is of an effect upon the nervous system most profound. Surely, it was an evil thing, and not for your sweet innocence, my lady.Oh, now, come, Magnifico. Im not as innocent as that. Dont flatter so. Did I see anything like what they saw?I hope not. I played it for them only. If you saw, it was but the rim of it from afar.And that was enough. Do you know you knocked the pri nce out?Magnifico spoke grimly through a large, muffling piece of pie. I killed him, my lady.What? She swallowed, painfully.He was dead when I stopped, or I would have continued. I cared not for Commason. His greatest panic was death or torture. But, my lady, this prince looked upon you wickedly, and- he choked in a mixture of indignation and embarrassment.Bayta felt strange thoughts come and repressed them sternly. Magnifico, youve got a gallant soul.Oh, my lady. He bent a red nose into his pie, but, someways did not eat.Ebling Mis stared out the port. Trantor was near its metallic shine fearfully bright. Toran was standing there, too.He said with dull bitterness, Weve come for nothing, Ebling. The Mules man precedes us.Ebling Mis rubbed his forehead with a hand that seemed shriveled out of its former plumpness. His voice was an indifferent mutter.Toran was annoyed. I say those people know the Foundation has fallen. I say-Eh? Mis looked up, puzzled. Then, he placed a low hand u pon Torans wrist, in complete oblivion of any previous conversation, Toran, I Ive been looking at Trantor. Do you know I have the queerest feeling ever since we arrived on Neotrantor. Its an urge, a driving urge thats force and pushing inside. Toran, I can do it I know I can do it. Things are becoming clear in my mind they have never been so clear.Toran stared and shrugged. The words brought him no confidence.He said, tentatively, Mis?Yes?You didnt see a ship come down on Neotrantor as we left?Consideration was brief. No.I did. Imagination, I suppose, but it could have been that Filian ship.The one with Captain Han Pritcher on it?The one with space knows who upon it. Magnificos culture It followed us here, Mis.Ebling Mis said nothing,Toran said strenuously, is there anything wrong with you? Arent you well?Miss eyes were thoughtful, luminous, and strange. He did not answer.

Principal’s Role in Teachers Motivation

INTRODUCTION The principal or leader of any knowledge institution is the key component in creating an hard-hitting develop. In creating an efficient inform, the principal must be utile in his role as a leader. The principal is the centre of attention and exit be observed by teachers, trailchilds and p atomic number 18nts. In addition, the principal is the one who should lead by example. Then it is of utmost enormousness that the principal exhibits qualities of an telling leader that are conducive to creating an telling school.School culture and the relationship that the parents, teachers and school-age childs prepare with the school have been linked closely to school forcefulness. According to Sergiovanni (2000), most successful leaders entrust tell you that getting the culture right and paying attention to how parents, teachers and students define and experience meaning are two widely accepted rules for creating effective schools. OHanlon and Clifton (2004) posit t hat the principal is on stage solely the time and must be effective in maintaining order and establishing a sense of integrity for the school.Having an effective school provide be seen as the life blood of every principal and highlights the type of leading style used by the principal to bring about such a school. In addition, school effectiveness results in teachers satisfaction and a high level of pedantic achievement by the students. An effective school is seen as one that promotes the progress of its students in a broad range of intellectual, social and aflame outcomes, where students progress further than might be expected from knowledge of their backgrounds (Sammons et al. , 1995). STATEMENT OF PROBLEMThe purpose of this speculate is to identify the role of principal in creating an effective school. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY We can all commend childhood moments when at school, the principal would announce at full assembly the outstanding performance of some(a) athletes or the spelling squad for achieving first place in the spelling competition. The expression on the faces of the principal, teachers and students is proof that the school has achieved something great. It is moments like these that we vividly remember and recall the events with much joy and anticipation.However school effectiveness and the principals role are of major concern to principals, teachers, students and parents. For some concern parents, the principal is the deciding factor when it comes to the school that their child will attend. If the principal is one that they believe to have good leadership qualities, they will be comfortable that their child or children will do well at that particular(prenominal) school. It would be extremely difficult for schools to be effective if they are characterised by ineffective leaders or low achieving students.Literature clearly states that a strong leader and high student achievement are clear indicators of an effective school. An effective pr incipal supports high student achievement and ensures that staff makes worthy contributions towards the school being effective (OHanlon & Clifton, 2004). This research paper will be guided by the following questions What are the factors influencing school effectiveness? What are the qualities of an effective principal? How does school effectiveness impact on student achievement? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThis paper seeks to show the importance of the role of the principal in creating an effective school. It will alike examine the qualities needed by the principal in order to create an effective school and points out that the student is first priority in an effective school. Research of this topic will also provide educators, researchers and policy holders with a better understanding of effective schools and principal leadership and how they can improve on these areas. This study will also examine the views of the teachers, students and parents in relation to the relationship amidst school effectiveness and principal leadership.DEFINITION OF TERMS It is important that the following terms be delimit in the context in which they are used in this paper Effective school- achieves exceptional schoolman performances and engenders students who are disciplined and well-rounded. Role- a socially expected behavioural pattern usually determined by an individuals status in a particular society Principal- a person who has imperious authority or is in a leading position School culture- a set of habitual understandings for organizing actions and language and other symbolic vehicles for expressing common understandings Student achievement- refers to academic success by a studentLITERATURE REVIEW Significant efforts have been made in recent times to establish a relationship between effective schools and principal leadership. This is supported by Rice (2010) as she cites Horng et al. , (2009) who states that for decades, the principal has been accepted as an important cont ributor to the effectiveness of the school and furthermore the principal constitutes the core of the leadership team in school and influences a variety of school outcomes which include student achievement, through their recruitment and motive of quality teachers and the ability to identify and articulate school vision and goals.Ubben et al. , (2011) define an effective school as one that is achieving high and equitable levels of student learning. They further state that there are seven correlates of an effective school which are as follows 1. Clear School Mission 2. High Expectations for Success 3. Instructional lead 4. Frequent Mentoring of Student Progress 5. Opportunity to Learn and Time on Task 6. Safe and orderly Environment 7. Home/School RelationsEdmonds and Lezotte (2008) offer another perspective of an effective school. They state that 95 percent or more of the students at each grade level must demonstrate minimum academic mastery and are prepared to succeed in the next grade anywhere in the United States, there shall be no significant difference in the proportion of students demonstrating minimum academic mastery as a function of socioeconomic class and the above two conditions must be obtained for a minimum of three consecutive years.Sergiovanni (2009) posits that an effective school is understood to be a school whose students achieve well in basic skills as measured by achievement tests. He also opines that an effective school is one with a shared covenant clearly articulating the schools core values and providing a standard by which actions will be judged (Sergiovanni, 1992).

Employment contracts Essay

An employment exact is do between an employer and employee where the employer agrees to offer a salary in return for the employee performing duties. The purpose of a contract of employment is to draw up rules and regulations concerning the rights, obligations and conditions between an employer and employee. It generally states the relationship between the two parties. Any go of contract by any side is not acceptable by law. Contractual entitlements often embarrass Amount of pay and when it is paid Type of employment whether it is temporary or fixed. Hours of work Notice breaker point Disciplinary rules Pension benefitsTYPES OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTSHere ar the four most common types of employment show in the Maldives. Permanent employment is commonly found in the public sector where profit and personnel casualty are not very significant. And this type of employment usually provides job guarantee throughout the employees working(a) life Temporary employment helps businesses to manage costs more effectively as employees are pass judgment to leave the organization after a certain period of time Zero-hour contracts are more ductile as an employer pays only for the hours that restrain actually been worked and does not specify a specific amount of hours In a self-employed contract a person is asked to a job but on the priming coat that they are doing it as if they are running their own business. They have to sort out their own matter Insurance, tax, sick pay and holiday pay.MANAGING EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCEManaging employee doing is important to make sure that set targets are consistently being met in an effective and efficient way.Appraisal systems in an organization are knowing to motivate and encourageemployees to perform to the best of their ability. Targets are set by the employer which ordain later be evaluated at the review meeting. Then the targets will be measured against what has been achieved by the employee and a decision will be made on how we ll the employee has performed.Sometimes, self-appraisal systems are also implemented where the employees analyze their own performance by setting themselves personal targets to achieve. Self-appraisal helps employees to manage and increase their own performance making them more motivate in the workplace.The second technique used to manage employee performance is linking rewards to performance. Employers can offer either monetary or non-monetary rewards to encourage employees to work harder. Carefully monitoring employee performance is important to ensure that desired results have been achieved. Giving a reward for performance is only effective if the right outcomes are achieved.

A history of Latin America Essay

It was during the atomic add up 63an compound expansion that Brazil fell under Portugal as a colony. Colonization in Brazil spanned the period between 1500 to year 1815. Portugal was interest grouped in Brazil for a number of reasons that included the hope of getting minerals, raw materials as well as slave hand and labor to among other interests. The colony of Brazil had some effect on the primordial counselling of life, with virtually of these effects having had a lasting effect to date.Its worth noting that from the story of Brazil, France also had an interest in Brazil but could not stand up to Portugal which had taken the control of this part of the world done the signing of a treaty. The Portugal faggot cognise as king Manuel 1 who was govern then cherished the colony to be ruled under a system of 15 he inflameditary captaincies- a shot that failed to work ascribable to large-scale failure. The system gave way to royal enterprise in 1549. The following shew desc ribes the causes and the effects of the Lusitanian compoundism in Brazil.Causes of colonialism in that location are a number of things that preceded the Portuguese entry into and colonization of Brazil. Following the signing of the treaty of Tordelsillas in the year 1494 that facilitated the division of the world between Spain and Portugal, all institute falling to the east was taken up by Portugal while Spain took up the get down on the horse opera side. In the year 1500, a navigator, Captain Pedro Alvares Cabral in charge of a fleet of 13 ships tracking the route taken by Vasco da Gama to India, landed in Brazil.He possess this land for king Manuel 1 as an overseas colonial land for Portugal. His possession of the land made it a colonial land for Portugal (Sweet 2007p233). The Portuguese expressed their interest in Brazil due to the presence of raw materials that turn up to be valuable for Portugal. One of the raw materials that Portugal got from Brazil includes the Brazil wood tree from which dark wood and red dye could be extracted. The Brazilwood was readily available in the Brazilian rainforest where it grew naturally.The red dye was exported to Europe where it was useful in staining luxurious textile for trading. The dark wood was sought for commercialized purposes as well- specifically for sale indoors the European markets. The Portugal colonial system was also concerned in maturement dinero cane from Brazil for use in making of wine and for exporting to Portugal. An interest in other agricultural products of the nature of cash crops also interested the Portugal royal government that was reigning under the king Manuel 1 to take up Brazil as a colony. The cash crops draw from Brazil included cotton and tobacco.These two cash crops were exported to Europe for sale in the European market. Portugal was interested in Brazil due to the prospect of getting slaves for labor and trade. The plantations in Europe required foreswear labor that slave s could provide. Portugal marked Brazil as a potential stadium where for getting slaves for their plantations in Europe or for trading them. Even though the Portugal authorities had managed to transact some of the slaves with a Brazilian opening, the advent of the Jesuits in Brazil greatly led to the fall of the trade since they were opposed to the trade.This forced the Portugal authorities to come in on importing slaves from West Africa. At the corresponding time, labor was greatly needed in the sugar plantations in Brazil. The natives provided this labor in exchange of scissors, axes, mirrors and knives while some were captured and forced to provide the labor as slaves (Morris 2006p34). Another reason why Portuguese had an interest in Brazil was because they were hoping to get minerals that they could use for their industries in Portugal or sell them in the European market.Though initially no minerals were found, some deposits of flamboyant and later on diamonds were found in the 18th century in the interior of Brazil by the bandeirantes. The area where gold deposits were found is known as the Minas Gerais mines. Deposits of diamond were found in 1729 in a village known as the Tujico village- the present day Diamantina. The French had expressed an interest n the land of Brazil as it was attracted to the Brazilwood and the prospect of mining some minerals from the land. This forced Portuguese to take up the land for establishing colonial rule in it before the French powers could take it over.Even though Portuguese had already possessed the land of Brazil, the heavy presence of the French military along the cost of Brazil forced the Portuguese to set the colonial powers and use military power to evacuate the French from the Brazilian coast (Leftwich 1999p156). set up of Portuguese colonialism in Brazil The presence of the Portuguese colonial power in Brazil moved(p) a number of the native life of the people in Brazil. Colonialism led to the widespread and adoption of the Catholic faith in worship. This was a result of the coming of the Jesuits, who were led by the first regulator, Tome de Sousa.The Jesuits made a great representation of the religious enterprise, setting missions within Brazil and actively converting the natives into the catholic faith. Another effect of the Portuguese colonial powers in Brazil is the death of a great number of people due to contends that pervaded the colony. The natives were opposed to the colonial powers and therefore staged resistances that led to the death of many natives. An example of the native revolts is the Guarani war of the year 1756 where the native were fighting the Portuguese authorities as a protest against slave trade.The native guaranis were assisted by the Jesuits who also opposed slave trade and labor (Chasteen 2001 p251). The colonial era in Brazil also played a great role in the proliferation of the people of the African origin in Brazil. Since Brazil drew a lot of slaves f rom the West African region to work within the plantations in Brazil, a very large number of Africans settled within the Brazilian land later the slave trade was abolished since they had no way of going back to Africa even when they were set free (Freyre 2008 p458).There was a proliferation of infectious diseases that were brought by the colonialist from Europe to Brazil. The natives had no natural immunity against these diseases and this led to the death of a great number of natives from these foreign diseases. The colonial powers also led to the embrace of the sugar cane growing in agricultural sector for export. Since sugar cane had such a high demand within the European market, the expansion of the sugar cane sector drew great profits.This sector however stock a blow and fell once the Dutch and the French started cultivating and exporting sugarcane to the European market. Since Antilles- the area where Dutch and the French produced the sugar was much closer to Europe, the sugar prices fell drastically towards the end of the seventeenth century and the beginning of the 18th century during which time the sugar industry on Brazil fell. The colonial powers within Brazil also led to the founding of the Rio de Janeiro city in the year 1565 by the governor general Estacio de Sa.He established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of Brazil in the year 1763 from Salvador. At the same time, a number of changes took place with the cities in Brazil. The estados states- in Brazil had been landmarkd and separated so that they were headed by the city council prior to the year 1763. The city councils were composed of top figures within the Brazilian land including the merchants, land owners and business men. Since Brazil was to big to be administered by the royal government, there arose a need to divide this area into smaller estates.The states of Brasil, Maranhao, and Grao-para were unified into Brazilian viceroyalty in the year 1763 and Rio de Janeiro was set as the capital of these cities. This helped to drop off the divisions that were created in the early days of the colonial invasion (Freyre 2008 p457). There was the creation of a number of towns in south Brazil. Some of the towns created include Colonia de Sacramento, Alores islands, and Porto Alegre among other towns. As essay shows, there are a number of study changes that took place with the expansion of the Portuguese power in Brazil.The native Brazilians abandoned their cultural way of life and adopted the life that the Portuguese were life in terms of dress code, food eaten, and the worship adopted (Keller 2006p517). Conclusion Expansion of the European powers into the rest of the world during the colonial era led to major changes and experiences into the areas that these countries set their colonial power. In the case of Brazil, changes that took place were experienced over the whole range of the living including their social living, political life and religion among other areas. The e ffect of the colonial powers is still felt in Brazil to the present day.References Chasteen J (2001) Born in blood and fire a concise record of Latin America, Norton p251 Freyre G (2008) The masters and the slaves (Casa-grande & senzala) Brazilian civilization, University of Texas p457, 458 Keller (2006) Colonization study, founding of new societies. Ginn & Company p517 Leftwich A (1999) Redefining government populace, property, and power, Taylor & Francis p156 Morris H (2006) History of Colonialism from the Earliest Times Present Day, University of Michigan p34 Sweet W (2007) A history of Latin America. The Abingdon Press p233