The 5-Minute Rule for Samples of Collrge Cause Effect Essay

The 5-Minute Rule for Samples of Collrge Cause Effect Essay The cause and effect essay outline will serve you as a guide for the remainder of the paper. Frequently, the cause and effect essay will revolve around a subject which you have taken for granted, which means that you haven't spent plenty of time contemplating the details related to it. A cause and effect essay is a fairly straightforward bit of writing. In the event you need your custom made cause and effect essay accomplished by a non-native English speaker, you will produce that option and we're going to offer you a writer best suits your writing needs. On the flip side, all body paragraphs will be similar in some manner. The finish of your introduction paragraph ought to be a thesis statement. The thesis statement isn't a doubt one of the most critical inclusions to inculcate into your introduction essentially because it's the section of the essay that tells the entire story. Regardless of what way you decide on, you must compose reasonable topic sentences to each paragraph. The 30-Second Trick for Samples of Collrge Cause Effect Essay Noise, on the flip side, is believed to be undesired sound without pleasant musical quality. The impacts of noise pollution have multiple facets and are interrelated. Prepare the body of the essay so you've got one paragraph for every one of the causes or effects from your thesis. In everyday life you've already utilized the essentials of analysis of causes or effects. You may not wind up using all the causes and effects listed in your chart. You can have several effects or numerous causes based on your essay's structure. In addition, the essay can additionally have a domino effect or casual chain that is when one event happens, and its effects lead to a different function. Cause and effect essays are a breeze to write, just stay focused and attempt to make impact through your words and through the usage of evidence. Keep asking questions until you're satisfied you've identified all the causes or effects that are associated with your topic. In a brief essay, it may be tough to tackle the reason and all the many effects of a huge event like the Great Depression. Should you need assistance with essay writing, feel free to get in touch with our friendly support group or place an order and we'll gladly help you. Keep in mind your time is limited and you don't wish to waste any of that attempting to develop an incorrect topic. In case the project is quite substantial and important, then you'll require an in-depth comprehension of the topic. For instance, a business major might explore the causes of a business's success, focusing on its advertising strategy, growth program and client services. Before you commence writing, it's important to make an outline with the research that you might have done about this issue. The thesis statement is easily the most important sentence in your whole essay since it connects with every other part. Furthermore, it's super important to found your essay around your primary bodies rather than your thesis statement. Make certain that the introduction comprehensively states the goal of essay together with the effects and causes at stake. Topic selection is essential to write the most suitable essay. Based on the content of your blog, it's possible to even use a few of the topics listed above. Deciding on the proper topic has to be carried out with care because it's the fundamental foundation of essay writing. Picking the essay topic has to be accomplished carefully. You should observe why it's essential that the cause always occur first. Cause and effect is a superb selection for those who wish to enhance their skills not just in writing but logical thinking also. There are three cause of stress that may obviously be observed in our society life today that is family issues, students' lives and working atmosphere.

Motivational Theories - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2392 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Introduction This paper begins by presenting four theories of motivation; Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Herzbergs Two-Factor theory, Adams Equity theory and the Goal Setting theory. Each theory is briefly explained and applied to the Starbucks case after which a critique is given. A section at the end provides recommendations for job enrichment and also relational job design as methods management at Starbucks can employ to maintain an efficient and productive workforce. Maslows Needs Theory This theory states that humans are motivated by needs which are in hierarchical order from basic to higher order needs; humans address these sequentially starting with physiological, security, affiliation, esteem and topmost self-actualisation (Rollinson 2008). Maslow states that when needs are satisfied they cease to have a motivational effect on an individual (Robbins et al 2014). One view for Starbucks management would be to infer using Maslows theory that the job at this point has satisfied the employees lower level needs, as such there is a need to consider a new set of motivators related to Maslows affiliation and esteem needs. This could include making employees feel like a family at Starbucks, shareholding and availing clear promotion opportunities. However French et al (2011:163) state that, a persons frame of reference will determine the order of importance of their needs and societal culture influences that frame of reference. Thus French et al (2011) contest the univers al application of Maslows needs hierarchy and argue that employees from different ethnicities and cultures are not motivated by the same needs. Rollinson (2008) gives credit to Maslow nevertheless by stating that perhaps this theorys main contribution is providing a general framework for categorising needs of different types. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Motivational Theories" essay for you Create order Herzbergs Two-factor Theory Herzberg proposes two factors in his theory, hygiene factors and motivating factors. According to Herzberg the absence of hygiene factors, which include pay, job security, working conditions and interpersonal relations among others, would lead to dissatisfaction and their presence does not lead to motivation. Herzbergs motivators include recognition, responsibility and nature of work among others, their presence would motivate but there absence leads to a neutral state of neither satisfaction or dissatisfaction (King and Lawley, 2013). According to Herzbergs theory, the nature of work, like being repetitive, cannot lead to demotivation or dissatisfaction. To employ this theory in the Starbucks workplace Herzberg proposes a two-stage approach (Griffin and Moorhead, 2011) as follows: First, management should achieve a state of no dissatisfaction by addressing Herzbergs hygiene factors, this can include among others giving an industry matching pay, improving working conditions a nd fostering interpersonal relations at work. Second, once a state of dissatisfaction exists by adequately addressing the hygiene factors, employee motivation can then be achieved by introducing the motivators like more opportunities for advancement, and redesigning the job to take on more tasks and responsibilities. In the Starbucks case therefore, assuming all hygiene factors are in place, management needs to consider motivators like clear opportunities for achievement, personal growth and promotion. They also need to consider the nature of the work and redesign the job to include more task variety and responsibility, factors that Herzberg argued motivate employees and lead to satisfaction (Griffin and Moorhead, 2011). Perhaps the main strength of this theory is that Herzberg provided a clear way of how managers can apply it in practice using the two-stage approach above and job enrichment (Griffin and Moorhead, 2011). Rollinson (2008), states that to test validity of this theory, it has been replicated many times and results have generally supported Herzbergs theory though not entirely. The main area of criticism is that classifying the work features into hygiene factors and motivators can be problematic as it was noted that both factors could lead to feelings of satisfaction and dissatisfaction differing from person to person (Rollinson, 2008). People differ and Herzbergs one size fits all classification does not stand in real life tests (Rollinson, 2008). Modern society is multicultural and so is Starbucks as an employer (Starbucks, 2015 and also Adler and Gundersen, 2008). Applicability of Herzbergs theory across different cultures differs, and so can be its applicability to people from different cultures yet within the same organisation (Adler and Gundersen, 2008; Rollinson 2008 and also Gambrel and Cianci 2003). Therefore, in this regard, due diligence needs to be taken as to how this theory can be applied to people from different cultur es. While Herzbergs theory discounts the possibility of Starbucks staff being demotivated by repetitive tasks, the finding of the Starbucks manager might be accurate and for this reason other theories of motivation need to be considered for a solution to this problem. Equity Theory The psychologist Stacy Adams postulated that the primary motivating force for employees is striving for equity or fairness. The theorys starting point is an exchange where an employee gives something, like skills and labour (inputs) and gets something for it like pay and recognition (outputs). The pivotal point of the theory being a reference person or group which the person uses to evaluate ones own inputs/outputs balance (Miner, 2005). Inequity or dissatisfaction sets in where one notes a disparity with their reference other. Informing the Starbucks manager from Adams standpoint calls for a review of dissatisfied employees job specification and also the jobs of those these employees can use as referent others. Further Starbucks job designs need to be benchmarked alongside competitors like Costa coffee. To maintain an efficient and productive workforce as informed by the equity theory requires Starbucks management to offer the best remuneration package compared to the industry ave rage. Another key factor to be considered when employing this theory is for management to make the employees aware of the basis on which the remuneration package is structured. This will help inform the employees when they make comparison as they understand the basis of their input/output balance. Adams theory is highly regarded for its simplicity and standing up to the rigours of empirical tests, Rollinson (2008) states that tests have generally supported Adams propositions in the Equity theory and its predictions. However, Miner (2005) notes that in field tests of this theory some economically deprived individuals were very productive despite inequity. A conclusion drawn was that economic motivation was greater than equity motivation in the case. This shows that the equity theory can be a limited theory which only centres on one type of motivation. Further the comparison to referent others is subjective, conclusions of equity or inequity are subjective as well, so is the choice of the referent other one uses for comparison (Milner 2005). These drawbacks should be noted by Starbucks management in applying this theory. Goal Setting Theory Rauch (2006) explains Lockes goal setting theory as a proven theory in its assertion that specific and challenging goals improve work performance. Rollinson (2008) further explains that this goal directed effort is a function of goal acceptance and goal commitment which lead to what Locke terms Performance, aided by organisational support and the individuals abilities. The goal setting theory states that where ones performance leads to goal achievement, equitable rewards both intrinsic and extrinsic are expected and the rewards determine the level of the persons eventual satisfaction (Rauch 2006). Using the goal setting theory would require the Starbucks management to make specific individual goals with their disaffected workforce with rewards attached to goal attainment. However, as Landy and Conte (2010) point out modern workplaces are usually organised to work in teams and this theory does not adequately address goal setting in team based workplaces. Another shortcoming of the G oal Setting theory is its appeal to drive employees to unethical practices so that they can appear to be achieving their goals (Landy and Conte 2010) Notwithstanding, Harris and Hartman (2002) point out that research into this theory generally support its assertions. Joint goal setting has indeed been shown to have a positive impact on employee performance in most cases (Harris and Hartman 2002). In the same vein, research also corroborates Lockes assertion that specific goals with a reasonable level of difficulty often lead to higher employee performance (Harris and Hartman 2002).Recommendations on how the manager can maintain an efficient and productive workforce within the organisation. Rollinson (2008:240) states that, to address low motivation, the most common approach for the last decades has been through job-redesign This section will dissect the possibility of employing this tool in the Starbucks scenario. Job Re-Design In the Starbucks case, a job re-design is one of the tools the management can employ to make the job more rewarding both intrinsically and extrinsically. Following on from the discussed theories, Herzbergs theory perhaps provides the most substantial content to inform job re-design as a motivational tool for the Starbucks management (Herzberg, 2003). Herzberg states that a job needs to be designed so that the Two Factor theorys motivators are built into the job (Herzberg, 2003). This process is commonly termed job enrichment (Rollinson, 2008). This encompasses horizontal job enlargement (more tasks) and vertical job enlargement (more responsibility). Thus the Starbucks staff can have a role that stretches from receiving the inputs, informing on re-order levels, serving customers and being responsible for customer satisfaction for instance. Rollinson (2008) argues that this gives employees a feeling that that their job is meaningful and increases intrinsic motivation and satis faction. Notwithstanding the appeal of job enrichment, both Grant (2007) and Rollinson (2008) allude to the fact that results of all tests to this theory are mixed and one cannot make a clear conclusion. The main criticism remains that Job enrichment is built upon Herzbergs two factor theory and individuals respond differently to an enriched job and not in a standard universal fashion as posited by the Two Factor theory and job enrichment. Not everyone wants an enriched job, some people prefer boring jobs as they pursue other meaningful activities outside work to cater for their needs (Rollinson 2008). Relational Job Design for a Prosocial Difference It can be argued that a frontline retail job at Starbucks lacks variety by its nature. Attempts to re-design it and enlarge it horizontally or vertically can be limited and fail due to simply being not much else that can be added to the required tasks. In this respect a different perspective to motivation may be required to maintain an efficient and productive workforce. Grant (2007) puts forward the notion of relational job design. Grant, (2007:393) puts this notion across as follows, existing research focuses on individual differences and the task structures of jobs .. Relational architecture of jobs shapes the motivation to make a prosocial difference. Grant (2007) advocates connecting employees to the impact they are having on the recipient of their efforts. The recipients can both be internal, like co-workers and management, or external such as customers. Grant (2007) points out that where individuals realise the difference their efforts are making in others lives they are mot ivated and perform better. Thus in Starbucks for instance, employees can be connected to coffee bean producers in developing countries who supply Starbucks coffee beans, and understand for themselves how their efforts are changing lives abroad. They can also be connected to the lonely people who sit and sip coffee in Starbucks and make relationships. Further, employees can be made a part of the corporate social responsibility programmes of the firm so that they can relate their efforts with its positive societal impact. Conclusion Several theories of motivation have been analysed in this paper and employed to inform management at Starbucks on how they can maintain an efficient and productive workforce. Maslows Hierarchy of needs provide a useful framework for categorising needs of different types however its one-size fits all approach to motivation is questioned by scholars and practitioners alike and research has not fully corroborated its assertions. The Two Factor theory has more appeal in the workplace due to the fact that Herzberg provided a clear way of how managers can employ it in practice. Research has also supported the theory somewhat. However it has been noted that what Herzberg classified as hygiene factors have worked as motivators to other people and vice versa. Therefore like Maslows theory, Herzbergs theory has the problem of purporting to offer a universal application, which research disputes as inaccurate. Joint goal setting has been supported by research and shown to positively i mpact on employee performance, however some academics point to the fact that the theory is getting obsolete as modern workplaces are organised into teams which are not addressed by the Goal setting theory. The Equity theory informs management to consider fairness in both job design and remuneration. So that informal comparisons in the workplace do not lead to dissatisfaction. The theory is readily accepted for its simplicity and has held to its assertions in research. However it tends only to consider a single type of motivation-equity, at the expense of other motivation types like economic motivation which has been shown to be stronger than equity in some cases. Tools put forward in this paper for maintaining a productive and efficient workforce are job enrichment and relational job redesign which takes focus off the tasks and connects employee with the impact of their work in the community for which Grant (2007) argues that people are motivated when they realise how their ef forts are helping others. References Adler N. J and Gundersen A (2008). International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior. 5th ed. Mason: Thomson Learning. French R, Rayner C, Rees G, and Rumbles S (2011). Organisational Behaviour. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Gambrel P. A and Cianci R (2003). Maslows Hierarchy of Needs: Does it Apply in a Collectivisit Culture. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship. 8 (2), p143- 161. Grant A. M (2007). Relational Job Design and The Motivation to Make a Prosocial Difference. Academy of Management Review. 32 (2), p393-417. Griffin R.W and Moorhead G (2011). Organizational Behaviour. Managing People and Organizations. 10th ed. Mason: Cengage learning. Harris O.J and Hartman S. J (2002). Organisational Behaviour. New York: Best Business Books Herzberg F (2003). One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees. Harvard Business Review. 1 (1), p3-11. King D and Lawley S (2013). Organizational Behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Landy F. J and Conte J.M (2010). Work in the 21st Century: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 3rd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons Inc. Miner J. B (2005). Organizational Behavior: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. New York: M.E. Sharpe Inc Rauch C (2006). The Goal-Setting Theory. Norderstedt: Druck un Bindung Robbins S, Judge T. A, Millett B, and Boyle M (2014). Organisational Behaviour. 7th ed. Frenchs Forrest: Pearson Australia. Rollinson D (2008). Organisational Behaviour and Analysis. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited Starbucks. (2015). Working at Starbucks. Available: https://www.starbucks.co.uk/careers/working-at-starbucks

The Effects Of Factory Farming On Livestock, Human Beings...

Citing â€Å"dominion† over animals as a rationale for cruel, and even sadistic, practices has a perverse quality to it. Respect for life extends beyond human beings. It is a respect for the miracle of life, in all of its forms. While I don t think it s ethically wrong to raise animals for food, it is disturbing to see the conditions under which many animals are raised and slaughtered. Humane treatment for all animals is something we should strive for. We need regulations to prohibit harmful farming practices that will be anathema to conservatives from farm states. Despite all the dazzling technological advances and other areas of progress we will never be truly refined or civilized unless we learn to treat animals with compassion and appreciate their space in the larger order of things. This research paper seeks to evaluate the effect of factory farming with respect to its implications on livestock, human beings and the environment. Sub†divisions to each main point will be evaluated. If one was to walk into any fast-food restaurant they would most likely be able to find a â€Å"value† meal for a price that is almost too good to be true. For the low income/budget conscious family struggling to make ends meet, a cheap meal may seem tough to pass up. Animal factory farming advocates have often addressed America’s inexpensive fast-food prices as proof that the new industrial farming system is working and readily able to supply food to the masses. Many people fail to realize that theShow MoreRelatedFactory Farming Should Be Banned1576 Words   |  7 Pagesactivist. Factory farming should be banned or demolished thoroughly due to more harm than good that is being presented worldwide. Animal brutality, which can be found constantly and excessively throughout factory farms, is a deleterious act involving the animals and a diabolic act regarding human morals. The antic actions that proceed have an effect on both humans and the environment, as well as the un ethical, inhumane treatment and the atrocious sufferings of animals. Besides factory farms offeringRead MoreThe Bbc Describes Intensive Farming To Include â€Å"Practices1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe BBC describes intensive farming to include â€Å"practices including growing high-yield crops, using fertilisers and pesticides, and keeping animals indoors. Food production is increased but there are unwelcomed side effects.† (BBC 2011) Intensive farming also includes the modern-day fields to be very large, because farmers now have the ability to look after more crops of land due to the ‘improvements’ given by pesticides and modifications. It is common in intensive farming to see a heavy use of pesticidesRead MoreHow The Vegan Diet Would Fight Against Negative Environmental Changes By Factory Farming And Dairy Industry Essay1079 Words   |  5 Pagesheart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Yes, many oppose the injustices of animal slavery. Yet, many people do not see m to realize that the most beneficial results of being plant-based are based around the environment. We are going to discuss how the vegan diet would fight against negative environmental changes created by factory farming and dairy industry. We will cover the aspects of climate change, land sustainability, and water pollution. First, we are going to discuss what a plant-based dietRead MoreThe Dangers of Factory Farming1511 Words   |  6 Pagesacross the country as well as the videos of factory farms and how their livestock are raised, along with Rachel Carson’s various books about the dangers of pesticides. Until the 1950’s, farming never used hormones to increase growth pace to achieve meatier animals. Factory farms and the mass production of animals have caused corporations to stop thinking about the quality of their foods, but the quantity and efficiency in which consumers receive it. Factory farm raised animals are produced to becomeRead MoreFactory Farming And Its Effects On The Mass Production Of Animals1670 Words   |  7 PagesFactory farming also known as Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO) is the raising of livestock for human consumption in which vast amounts of food are produced at minimal cost. Products such as meat, milk, and eggs are all staples of this practice. It is easy to identify these farms from their distinct characteristics of confining their animals. Animals such as cows, pigs, chickens, and turkeys are confined to very small quarters and fed out while being pumped full of hormones and antibioticsRead MoreCompanies Are Treating The Animals We Will Ultimately Consume1701 Words   |  7 Pagesaverage consumer veers towards the quick and easy food options. Without prior knowledge, an individual could be consuming contaminated meat products that were produced on a factory farm. Since the 1960’s, factory farming has accounted for over 99% of the meat sold in the United States (Zacharias, 2011). The move towards large, factory farms saves meat industry millions of dollars a day. These farms pose a huge risk to public health and environmental safety. Currently, four major companies produce 85%Read MoreFactory Farming Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pagesfactors are made possible because of factory farming. Factory farming is the rea son why consumers are able to purchase low-priced poultry in their local supermarket and also the reason why chickens and other animals are being seen as profit rather than living, breathing beings. So what is exactly is factory farming? According to Ben Macintyre, a writer and columnist of The Times, a British newspaper and a former chicken farm worker, he summed up the goal of any factory farm â€Å"... to produce the maximumRead MoreJust A Little Something To Digest. When It Comes To Farming,1668 Words   |  7 PagesJust a Little Something to Digest When it comes to farming, the image of an open green field and a little red barn may come to mind; however, the reality is much different. Since the industrialization of animal agriculture, the small farms we commonly think of have been consumed by large, congested factories called CAFOs, or Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. The goal of these enormous factory farms is to produce large quantities of food as fast and cheap as possible. While this may sound idealRead MoreAnimal Rights At Factory Farms1629 Words   |  7 PagesMadison Bowdish Dr. Brian Onishi PHIL 229 15 Dec 2016 Animal Rights in Factory Farms The idea that industrial farming is bad for the environment is well known, but what people do not think about is horrible practice of factory farms within industrial farming. Factory farms are inhumane and not only because the animal is being slaughtered, but because of the way the animals are treated before the are killed. A person would think that if they were to be innocently killed that they would want to beRead MoreThe Theory Of Factory Farms1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory of factory farms in terms of raising, handling, and slaughtering of animals, the legal issues, the effects on health, and the impacts of factory farms on the environment is a veil of secrecy of factory farms. The rise of factory farms is no accident. It is the result of public policy created to benefit corporations and food processors that dominate the path between producers and consumers. Some of the steps to creating such a unique and intricate business was the creation of farm bills

The Influence Of Abelard s And Heloise s Views On...

Three key figures in twelfth century Europe had a considerable impact on marriage, religion, and sexuality. The first two figures were classic romantics who wrote love letters to each other and made love in the kitchens of convents. These two influential figures are Heloise and Abelard. This teacher and student love affair knew no bounds and it eventually led to a dismal chain of events, but led to various revelations. The third figure is a religious visionary who took a secret vow of chastity in her young age. This prominent nun is Christina of Markyate, who endures persecution by her family and was constantly on the run in order to keep her sacred vow to God. These three figures and their stories are intricately tied together and they bring to light how the Church perceived such actions that concerned marriage, religion, and sexuality. The emergence of Abelard’s and Heloise’s romantically intense relationship and eventual marriage begins with Abelard moving to Paris to pursue his teaching career. His teaching career in the art of philosophy proves to be fruitful in Paris and Abelard begins to observe a young girl named Heloise, because of her intellect. Abelard states, â€Å"A gift for letters is so rare in women that it added greatly to her charm and had made her renowned throughout the realm.† A Canon by the name of Fulbert, not realizing Abelard’s deep desire, request that Abelard teach his niece, Heloise, immediately. The teacher and student, Abelard and Heloise, soon

Essay on Effects of Bullying - 1232 Words

Bullying is a terrible and dangerous activity that occurs in numerous places, such as schools, workplaces, and even homes. According to a study conducted in 2010, â€Å"about one in seven students in grades kindergarten through 12th grade is either a bully or has been a victim of bullying† (â€Å"Bullying Statistics†). Bullying can be performed by a student, co-worker, or even a parent. There are many classifications of bullying, each with their own causes, such as a lack of parental guidance, low self esteem, and even the influence of one’s own peers, all of which could result in negative outcomes, like suicide or murder. Bullying in general can be defined as the act of using an advantage over someone, such as strength or position of power, to†¦show more content†¦Victims of parental bullying often, in fact, turn out to be bullies themselves, as they grew up knowing nothing but that lifestyle. Parental bullying can be a never ending cycle, as the victim s tend to carry on the trait to their children, so on and so on. Cyberbullying in recent years has proven itself to be one of the most apparent and socially relevant forms of bullying. By definition, cyberbullying must â€Å"have a minor on both sides, or at least have been instigated by a minor against another minor. Once adults become involved, it is plain and simple cyber-harassment or cyberstalking† (â€Å"Stop Cyberbullying†). Cyberbullying takes place over the internet, behind the keys of a computer. With so many people plugged into social media, bullies find this to be a prime place to do their work. Often times, the bully will slander and post negative things about their victim, and spread it around to embarrass the victim. One of the most severe cases of cyberbullying takes place when an individual obtains a nude photograph of another individual and sends it all over the internet. These cases generally end with very drastic consequences, such as suicide or rev enge bullying. This form of bullying is known as ‘sexting,’ and it is encountered very often in high schools across the nation. The causes of bullying vary between the different subdivisions. Signs of bullying has been known to appear as early as preschool. BullyingShow MoreRelatedBullying And Its Effect On Bullying1225 Words   |  5 Pagessituation is too much time wasted while another child suffers at the hands of bullying. There is no way to put a complete stop to bullying. Even if people responded to the issue in an ideal way, which almost no one does, there is not a one-size-fits-all solution to the problem (Whitson). People too often refer to an understood goal to stop bullying. 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Professional Environment for Ethics and Technology - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProfessional Environment for Ethics and Technology. Answer: Some Issues for Ethics, Professionalism and Technology An IT Perspective Ethics can be understood as the moral principles that underlie the code of conduct, and action of an individual. Professionalism is the set of skills or competencies expected from a professional (Kurtines 2014). Professional ethics should include moral principles and professionalism (Durkheim 2013). What happened? Prof. Karl Reeds lecture titled Some Issues for Ethics, Professionalism and Technology An IT Perspective highlights some of the ethical issues affecting professional code of conduct, in the Information Technology (IT) industry. It discusses how ethics can have impact social/political scenarios, social behavior, security and authenticity of data/ information, contracting jobs, and surveillance systems (Quinn 2014). It is important to identify and differentiate the responsibilities expected from the organization and compliance to ethical standards. What did it mean to me? Surprisingly. unethical practice in IT industry is not very uncommon. Breach of client contract, divulgence of personal data, providing misleading or incorrect information has been practiced by both agencies and individuals. Working in these scenarios, it is important that professionals know their rights, and responsibilities. One cannot be forced to do unethical work, and consenting to such activity, can indict the individual as an accessory of crime. The Goals and Methods matrix suggested by Turner and Cochrane can be used to analyze the potential complexity of a project. A well defined project has clear objectives, and goals, and provides a clarity of information and expectations (Senescu, Aranda-Mena and Haymaker 2012). Any unethical practice expected from an individual can be easily identified (and disputed) from a well defined project, in contrast to a fuzzy outline, that leaves room for speculation, and promotes sequestering of unethical practices. Ethically, an engineer ought to demonstrate integrity, practice competently, exercise leadership, and promote sustainability. Often adhering to such practices can cause conflict of interest between the job and principles. What value is it to me? As professionals, we have the responsibility to not only serve the organization, but also the society, which is why ethical protocols should get precedence over personal/business objectives. For example, every citizen has the constitutional right to privacy of information. Leaking of sensitive data by Snowden or Manning have only exposed the illegal practice of surveillance (Greenwald, MacAskill, and Poitras 2013). Similarly, leak of police data can threaten the security of individuals, especially if it ends up in the wrong hands. As we see, privatization of government information can lead to data security issues (Fitzgibbon 2013). How it might help me in the future. This knowledge can be helpful in the future to decide the correct curse of action, if faced with such a conundrum. To summarize, any action expected from a professional may or may not be ethical, and therefore an understanding of rights and responsibilities of an individual as a professional and responsible citizen is necessary. Cultural Awareness in Intercultural Communication: Cultural awareness is the simply the cognition of different aspects of culture (values, beliefs, perceptions and practices) and their diversity. It can include the awareness of culturally induced behavior of own self and others (Tomalin and Stempleski 2013). In the modern day, culturally diverse society, intercultural communication is not only important, but is almost unavoidable. What happened? The project analysed the cultural diversity in different groups, with respect to language, beliefs, and practices (Banks 2015). These can be potential hurdles towards communication and team work. For example, religious practices can cause individuals to refrain from work on certain days, or consumption of certain food. Both of these can affect profession or personal relations, and therefore one needs to be sensitive to the others beliefs and practices, to avoid conflicts. What did it mean to me? Analysing cultural diversity sheds light into the heterogenous nature of human behavior, and beliefs. Since thought and action are intrinsically related to cognition, it is particularly relevant in understanding behavior (Kuhl and Beckman 2012). This insight can be useful to maintain a cultural sensitivity within a culturally diverse framework, to avoid any unintentional offense. For example, to refrain from offering certain food that can be offensive on religious grounds. What value is it to me? Much of our social turmoil is fuelled by a lack of cultural sensitivity, in a multicultural environment. This generally results in an alienation of the people belonging to different cultural groups. Knowledge of beliefs and practices of a cultural group is important recognize and implement the proper code of conduct. For example a single colour (like white) can have different cultural meanings- from cleanliness or spirituality (in occidental cultures) to the concept of death (in certain oriental cultures). So, the practice of gift-wrapping with white paper, can have different meanings for different cultures. How it might help me in the future. A knowledge of the social and cultural diversity allows a deeper introspection on how beliefs and practices can influence actions. We can understand when a line has been crossed, and when our behavior can potentially upset someone from a different cultural background. Since todays cosmopolitan/metropolitan society is culturally diverse, it is important to be sensitized to these differences. Teamwork can mean regular and stipulated interaction with individuals from other cultural groups. An effective and positive teamwork can exist if this diversity is acknowledged, and a workable communication and conduct is structured around this knowledge, and can prevent the feeling of discrimination and alienation (Geyer and Schweitzer 2012). References: Banks, J.A., 2015. Cultural diversity and education. Routledge. Durkheim, E., 2013. Professional ethics and civic morals. Routledge. Fitzgibbon, W., 2013. Risk and privatisation. British Journal of Community Justice, 11(2/3), p.87. Geyer, R.F. and Schweitzer, D.R. eds., 2012. Theories of alienation: critical perspectives in philosophy and the social sciences. Springer Science Business Media. Greenwald, G., MacAskill, E. and Poitras, L., 2013. Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations. The Guardian, 9(6). Kuhl, J. and Beckmann, J. eds., 2012. Action control: From cognition to behavior. Springer Science Business Media. Kurtines, W.M., 2014. Handbook of moral behavior and development: Volume 1: Theory. Psychology Press. Quinn, M.J., 2014. Ethics for the information age. Pearson. Senescu, R.R., Aranda-Mena, G. and Haymaker, J.R., 2012. Relationships between project complexity and communication. Journal of Management in Engineering, 29(2), pp.183-197. Tomalin, B. and Stempleski, S., 2013. Cultural Awareness-Resource Books for Teachers. Oxford University Press.

The Search for Coherence Tamara

Question: Discuss about the Search for Coherence Tamara Chocolate Bar. Answer: Advice for Tamara In this case, the issue that needs to be decided if Tamara can be successful in suing Aldi supermarkets in negligence. Tamara had suffered an injury as she had slipped on a puddle of ice-cream that was present on the floor. As a result of the fall, Tamara broke her back. Due to this injury, she had to spend a lot of time in the hospital and the general damages alone were in excess of $700,000. Consequently she wants to know if she can be successful in suing Aldi supermarkets in negligence. While giving this advice to Tamara, it also needs to be considered if any defense may be available to Aldi supermarkets against the allegations of negligence, particularly in view of the fact that a staff member of the supermarket inspects the aisles regularly and the spillage, if any, is cleared after every 40 minutes. Hence, for the purpose of deciding this issue, the general principles concerning the law of negligence have to be considered and it has to be seen if all the elements that are neces sary for establishing the negligence of the defendant are present in this case or not. When one party owes a duty of care towards the other, it can be said that negligence is doing something or failing to do something that any other reasonable person would have done and as a result of which, the other party has been suffered damage or injury (Donoghue v Stevenson, 1932). In order to find out the presence of negligence as well as to fix the liability of the defendant for its negligent acts, the provisions of Civil Liability Act may also be used. When a party has decided to sue the other for negligence, such a party seeks financial compensation from the defendant in view of the damage that has been suffered by it. Hence the purpose behind providing damages is to place the person in a similar position in which such person would have been if the defendant would not have acted negligently (Tomasic, Bottomley and McQueen, 2002). For the purpose of deciding if the defendant was negligent or not it needs to be considered if four elements that are mentioned below are present or not. First of all it needs to be seen if a duty of care is present on part of the defendant; if there is a breach of such duty by the defendant; if any damage or injury has been caused to the plaintiff and if the damage or the injury that has been caused to the plaintiff can be described as a direct result of such contravention of duty (McDonald, 2005). The law of negligence requires that all the elements mentioned above should be present in order to successfully sue the defendant in negligence. If any of these elements is not present in that case, it cannot be said that the act of the defendant was negligent. Under these circumstances, it becomes important to note what is the meaning of the duty of care. It's in case of negligence, the duty of care of the defendant can be described as the legal obligation which requires that a person should not cause damage to others. The duty is present when it is reasonably foreseeable that arm will be caused to the other person if reasonable care is not used. In this context, the law requires that the duty of care will arise only if there is sufficient proximity present between the plaintiff and the defendant and as a result of which it can be said that the defendant owes a duty towards the plaintiff (Gardiner and McGlone, 1998). An example of this situation can be given in the form of the duty of care owed by the driver of a motor vehicle towards the other road users. Similarly, a doctor also has a duty of care towards its patience. However certain qualifications have been imposed by the Civil Liability Act on the duty of care which includes the good Samaritans and food donors. For a successful action under negligence, the next requirement is that a breach of duty should take place. For deciding if a breach of duty has taken place, the court has to see the standard of care that can be applied in the case (Hepple, 1997). This standard of care needs to be decided in view of the fact that any other reasonable person would have done the same thing or not in a similar situation. If it is found that the actions of the defendant were on reasonable or if they were below the standard of care, the decision will be that there has been a violation of the duty on part of the defendant. Another requirement is that the claimant should establish that the injury/damage suffered by it was the direct result of the beach. Hence, if a person had fallen on wet floor, there is a clear connection between the injury and the wet floor. In view of the requirements that have to be satisfied for a successful claim in negligence, in this case also it can be said that, Tamara can successfully sue Aldi supermarkets in negligence. When Tamara saw that only one bar offered favorite chocolate was present for sale at the far end, she ran towards it. As another customer was also walking towards it, she started to run even faster and she slipped on a puddle of ice cream that was present on the floor. The result was that Tamara slipped and fell on the floor and she broke her back. By applying the principles of law of negligence, in this case, Tamara can successfully sue Aldi supermarkets in negligence. The reason is that all the elements that need to be established for bringing successful action in negligence are present in this case. A defense will not be available to Aldi even if it establishes that the supermarket isles were regularly inspected by its staff members and any spillage was cleaned every 40 minutes. The reason is that the injury suffered by Tamara was caused due to the breach of duty by Aldi supermarkets. References Gardiner D and McGlone, F., (1998) Outline of Torts (2nd ed,), Butterworths Hepple, B , (1997) Negligence: The Search for Coherence 50 Current Legal Problems 69 McDonald, B., (2005). Legislative Intervention in the Law of Negligence: The Common Law, Statutory Interpretation and Tort Reform in Australia. Sydney Law Review. 27 (3) Tomasic, R.; Bottomley, S.; McQueen, R., (2002) Audits and Auditors, Corporations Law in Australia, Federation Press Case Law Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100